Lipoprotein (a) Screening, and What's Next?

Ethnic origin (Black African, African American)

Pregnancy (Lp(a) level returns to normal values after delivery)

Acute inflammatory states (Lp(a) level normalizes with recovery)

Kidney function impairment (from the early stages)

Antiviral treatment (hepatitis C)

Growth hormone replacement therapy

Diet based on unsaturated fats or carbohydrates

Impaired liver function (hepatocyte damage)

Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy

Treatment of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism

Diet based on low-carbohydrate and high-saturated fat products

Flaxseed and walnuts in the diet

<75 nmol/l – optimal Lp(a) level

75–125 nmol/l – moderate cardiovascular risk

>125–450 nmol/l – high cardiovascular risk

>450 nmol/l – very high cardiovascular risk

32–90 nmol/l – low risk of cardiovascular disease

90–200 nmol/l – modest risk

200–400 nmol/l – high risk

>400 nmol/l – very high risk

<75 nmol/l – optimal Lp(a) level

>75 nmol/l – progressive risk

>125 nmol/l – significantly increased risk

> 430 nmol/l – high risk