References
- Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Preeclampsia. Lancet. 2010;376:631-644. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60279-6.
- Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger JP, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Challenges and Perspectives. Circ Res. 2019;124:1094-1112. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276.
- Antza C, Cifkova R, Kotsis V. Hypertensive complications of pregnancy: A clinical overview. Metabolism. 2018;86:102-111. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.011.
- Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;13:291-310. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.05.004.
- Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:S1-S22. doi: 10.1067/mob.2000.107928.
- Jung E, Romero R, Yeo L, et al. The etiology of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:S844-S866. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.1356.
- Zhou CC, Zhang Y, Irani RA, et al. Angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies induce pre- eclampsia in pregnant mice. Nat Med. 2008;14:855-862. doi: 10.1038/nm.1856.
- Harmon AC, Cornelius DC, Amaral LM, et al. The role of inflammation in the pathology of preeclampsia. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130:409–419. doi:10.1042/CS20150702.
- Roberts JM, Hubel CA. The two stage model of preeclampsia: variations on the theme. Placenta. 2009;30:S32-S37. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.009.
- Vishnyakova P, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Sukhikh G. Role of the monocyte- macrophage system in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:3695. doi: 10.3390/ijms20153695.
- Michalczyk M, Celewicz A, Celewicz M, Woźniakowska-Gondek P, Rzepka R. The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:3864941. doi: 10.1155/2020/3864941.
- Kalagiri RR, Carder T, Choudhury S, et al. Inflammation in Complicated Pregnancy and Its Outcome. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33:1337-1356. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1582397.
- Lamarca B, Speed J, Ray LF, et al. Hypertension in response to IL-6 during pregnancy: role of AT1-receptor activation. Int J Interferon Cytokine Mediat Res. 2011;2011:65-70. doi: 10.2147/IJICMR.S22329.
- Stødle GS, Silva GB, Tangerås LH, et al. Placental inflammation in pre-eclampsia by Nod-like receptor protein (NLRP)3 inflammasome activation in trophoblasts. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018;193:84-94. doi: 10.1111/cei.13130.
- Vince GS, Starkey PM, Austgulen R, Kwiatkowski D, Redman CWG. Interleukin-6, tumor-necrosis-factor and soluble tumor-necrosis-factor receptors in women with preeclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:20-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09020.x.
- Dusse LM, Rios DR, Pinheiro MB, Cooper AJ, Lwaleed BA. Preeclampsia: relationship between coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:17-21. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.030.
- Conrad KP, Benyo DF. Placental cytokines and the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1997;37:240-249. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00222.x.
- Brewer J, Liu R, Lu Y, et al. Endothelin-1, oxidative stress, and endogenous angiotensin II: mechanisms of angiotensin II type I receptor autoantibody-enhanced renal and blood pressure response during pregnancy. Hypertension. 2013.;62:886-892. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01648.
- Lamarca B, Brewer J, Wallace K. IL-6-induced pathophysiology during pre-eclampsia: potential therapeutic role for magnesium sulfate? Int J Interferon Cytokine Mediat Res. 2011;2011:59-64. doi: 10.2147/IJICMR.S16320.
- Ramma W, Ahmed A. Is inflammation the cause of preeclampsia? Biochem Soc Trans. 2011;39:1619-1627. doi: 10.1042/BST20110672.
- Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL. Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:499-506. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70239-5.
- Germain SJ, Sacks GP, Sooranna SR, Sargent IL, Redman CW. Systemic inflammatory priming in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia: the role of circulating syncytiotrophoblast microparticles. J Immunol. 2007;178:5949-5956. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5949.
- Mihu D, Razvan C, Malutan A, Mihaela C. Evaluation of maternal systemic inflammatory response in preeclampsia. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;54:160-166. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2014.03.006.
- Greer IA, Lyall F, Perera T, Boswell F, Macara LM. Increased concentrations of cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in plasma of women with preeclampsia: a mechanism for endothelial dysfunction? Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;84:937-940.
- Olusi SO, Diejomaoh M, Omu A, Abdulaziz A, Prabha K, George S. Interleukins in preeclampsia. Ann Saudi Med. 2000;20:4-7. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2000.4.
- Myatt L. The prediction of preeclampsia: the way forward. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:S1102-S1107.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.047.
- Possomato-Vieira JS, Khalil RA. Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Pregnancy and Preeclampsia. Adv Pharmacol. 2016;77:361-431. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.04.008.
- Szpera-Gozdziewicz A, Breborowicz GH. Endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2014;19:734-746. doi: 10.2741/4240.
- Tomimatsu T, Mimura K, Matsuzaki S, Endo M, Kumasawa K, Kimura T. Preeclampsia: Maternal Systemic Vascular Disorder Caused by Generalized Endothelial Dysfunction Due to Placental Antiangiogenic Factors. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:4246. doi: 10.3390/ijms20174246.
- Lai J, Romero R, Tarca AL, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent development of preeclampsia and preterm birth: evidence of a dose-response relationship supporting causality. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;225:689-693.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.020.
- Sandvik MK, Leirgul E, Nygard O, et al. Preeclampsia in healthy women and endothelial dysfunction 10 years later. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209:569.e1-569.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.024.
- Yagel S, Cohen SM, Goldman-Wohl D. An integrated model of preeclampsia: a multifaceted syndrome of the maternal cardiovascular-placental-fetal array. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:S963-S972. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.023.
- Brennan LJ, Morton JS, Davidge ST. Vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Microcirculation. 2014;21:4-14. doi: 10.1111/micc.12079.
- Luppi P, Tse H, Lain KY, Markovic N, Piganelli JD, DeLoia JA. Preeclampsia activates circulating immune cells with engagement of the NF-kappaB pathway. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2006;56:135-144. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00386.x.
- Thilaganathan B, Kalafat E. Cardiovascular System in Preeclampsia and Beyond. Hypertension. 2019;73:522-531. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11191.
- Boeldt DS, Bird IM. Vascular adaptation in pregnancy and endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. J Endocrinol. 2017;232:R27-R44. doi: 10.1530/JOE-16-0340.
- Neerukonda S, Shariati F, Hart T, Stewart M, Elkayam U, Qamruddin S. Cardiovascular effects of preeclampsia. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020;35:357-359. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000756.
- Lisowska M, Pietrucha T, Sakowicz A. Preeclampsia and Related Cardiovascular Risk: Common Genetic Background. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20:71. doi: 10.1007/s11906-018-0869-8.
- Orabona R, Sciatti E, Prefumo F, et al. Pre-eclampsia and heart failure: a close relationship. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;52:297-301. doi: 10.1002/uog.18987.
- Moors S, van Oostrum NHM, Rabotti C, et al. Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2020;75:497-509. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000811.
- Orabona R, Vizzardi E, Sciatti E, et al. Insights into cardiac alterations after pre-eclampsia: an echocardiographic study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49:124-133. doi: 10.1002/uog.15983.
- Geyer H, Caracciolo G, Abe H, et al. Assessment of myocardial mechanics using speckle tracking echocardiography: fundamentals and clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:351-369; quiz 453-5. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.02.015.
- Shahul S, Rhee J, Hacker MR, et al. Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in preeclamptic women with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: a 2D speckle-tracking imaging study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:734-739. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973818.
- Liu W, Li Y, Wang W, Li J, Cong J. Layer-specific longitudinal strain analysis by speckle tracking echocardiography in women with early and late onset preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019;17:172-177. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.06.001.
- Mostafavi A, Tase Zar Y, Nikdoust F, Tabatabaei SA. Comparison of left ventricular systolic function by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography between normal pregnant women and pregnant women with preeclampsia. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2019;11:309-313. doi: 10.15171/jcvtr.2019.50.
- Paudel A, Tigen K, Yoldemir T, et al. The evaluation of ventricular functions by speckle tracking echocardiography in preeclamptic patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;36:1689-1694. doi: 10.1007/s10554-020-01872-y.
- Buddeberg BS, Sharma R, O’Driscoll JM, Kaelin Agten A, Khalil A, Thilaganathan B. Cardiac maladaptation in term pregnancies with preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;13:198-203. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.06.015.
- Ajmi H, Abid D, Milouchi S, et al. Interest of speckle tracking in the detection of cardiac involvement in pregnant women with hypertensive disorder. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;11:136-141. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2017.10.008.
- Tranquilli A, Corradetti A, Giannubilo S, Landi B, Orici F, Emanuelli M. Placental Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia and Hellp Syndrome. Current Women’s Health Reviews. 2008;4:280-285. doi: 10.2174/157340408786848241.
- Fan DM, Wang Y, Liu XL, Zhang A, Xu Q. Polymorphisms in interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 may be associated with risk of preeclampsia. Genet Mol Res. 2017;16. doi:10.4238/gmr16018588.
- Taylor BD, Tang G, Ness RB, et al. Mid-pregnancy circulating immune biomarkers in women with preeclampsia and normotensive controls. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2016;6:72-78. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2015.11.002.
- Tosun M, Celik H, Avci B, Yavuz E, Alper T, Malatyalioğlu E. Maternal and umbilical serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23:880-886. doi: 10.3109/14767051003774942.
- Sharma A, Satyam A, Sharma JB. Leptin, IL-10 and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8) in pre-eclamptic, normotensive pregnant and healthy non-pregnant women. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2007;58:21-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00486.x.
- Vural P, Degirmencioglu S, Saral NY, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 polymorphisms in preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010;36:64-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2009.01111.x.
- Mtali YS, Lyimo MA, Luzzatto L, Massawe SN. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with an inflammatory state: evidence from hematological findings and cytokine levels. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:237. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2383-7.
- Freeman DJ, McManus F, Brown EA, et al. Short- and Long-Term Changes in Plasma Inflammatory Markers Associated With Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2004;44:708-714. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000143849.67254.ca.
- Xiao JP, Yin YX, Gao YF, et al. The increased maternal serum levels of IL-6 are associated with the severity and onset of preeclampsia. Cytokine. 2012;60:856-860. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.07.039.
- Rezavand N, Vaisi-Raygani A, Vaisi F, et al. Comparison of Serum Vitamin D and Interleukin-6 Levels in Patients with Preeclampsia and Healthy Pregnant Women. Medical Laboratory Journal. 2016;10:12-17. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.mlj.10.4.12.
- Afshari JT, Ghomian N, Shameli A, et al. Determination of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha concentrations in Iranian-Khorasanian patients with preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005;5:14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-5-14.
- Stonek F, Hafner E, Metzenbauer M, et al. Absence of an association of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha G308A, interleukin-6 (IL-6) G174C and interleukin-10 (IL-10) G1082A polymorphism in women with preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol. 2008;77:85-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.04.003.
- Luppi P, DeLoia JA. Monocytes of preeclamptic women spontaneously synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines. Clin Immunol. 2006;118:268-275. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.11.001.
- Mihu D, Costin N, Blaga LD, Ciuchina S, Pop RB. Implication of Tumor Necrosis Factor - Alpha in Preeclampsia. Applied Medical Informatics. 2008;3-4:11-18.
- Lau SY, Guild SJ, Barrett CJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 levels are altered in preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013;70:412-427. doi: 10.1111/aji.12138.
- Nath MC, Cubro H, McCormick DJ, Milic NM, Garovic VD. Preeclamptic Women Have Decreased Circulating IL-10 (Interleukin-10) Values at the Time of Preeclampsia Diagnosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hypertension. 2020;76:1817-1827. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15870.