References
- 1. Long B, Brady W, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38:1504-1507. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.048.10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.048
- 2. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Raghunandhakumar S, et al. A novel COVID-19 and its effects on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens. 2020;43:729-730. doi: 10.1038/s41440-020-0461-x.10.1038/s41440-020-0461-x
- 3. Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, et al. The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141:1930-1936. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047164.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047164
- 4. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323:1061-1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.10.1001/jama.2020.1585
- 5. Zhou F, Ting Y, Ronghui D, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1054-1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
- 6. Huang C, Wang Y, Ren L, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
- 7. Hu H, Ma F, Wei X, Fang Y, Hongde H. Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis saved with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin. Eur Heart J. 2020;ehaa190. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa190.10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa190718434832176300
- 8. Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39:618-625. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x.10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x716376619453650
- 9. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17:259-260. doi: 10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5.10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5709552432139904
- 10. Shaobo S, Qin M, Cai Y, et al. Characteristics and clinical significance of myocardial injury in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:2070-2079. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa408.10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa408723910032391877
- 11. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:1-8. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017.10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017710150632219356
- 12. Nicin L, Abplanalp W, Mellentin H, et al. CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human hearts. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1807-1809. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa410.10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa410723919132383758
- 13. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:802-810. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950.10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950709784132211816
- 14. Esfandrei M, McManus B. Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2008;3:127-155. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151534.10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.15153418039131
- 15. Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter D, et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood. 2014;124:188-195. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-552729.10.1182/blood-2014-05-552729409368024876563
- 16. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181:271-280.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052710262732142651
- 17. Driggin E, Madhavan M, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2352-2371. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031.10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031719885632201335
- 18. Caforio A, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2636-2648. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht210.10.1093/eurheartj/eht21023824828
- 19. Kociol R, Cooper L, Fang J, et al. Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141:e69-e92. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000745.10.1161/CIR.000000000000074531902242
- 20. Friedrich M, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1475-1487. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2009.02.007.
- 21. Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M, et al. Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1861-1862. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa286.10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa286718433932267502
- 22. Schiavone M, Gobbi G, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Acute Coronary Syndromes and Covid-19: Exploring the Uncertainties. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1683. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061683.10.3390/jcm9061683735653732498230
- 23. Roffi M, Patrono C, Mueller C, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320.10.1093/eurheartj/ehv32026320110
- 24. Thygesen K, Alpert J, Jaffe A, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Eur Heart J. 2019;40:226. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy856.10.1093/eurheartj/ehy85630649367
- 25. Thygesen K, Mair J, Katus H, et al. Recommendations for the use of cardiac troponin measurement in acute cardiac care. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2197-2204. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq251.10.1093/eurheartj/ehq25120685679
- 26. Scholz K, Maier S, Maier L, et al. Impact of treatment delay on mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients presenting with and without haemodynamic instability: Results from the German prospective, multicentre FITT-STEMI trial. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:1065-1074. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy004.10.1093/eurheartj/ehy004601891629452351
- 27. Stefanini G, Azzolini E, Condorelli G. Critical organizational issues for cardiologists in the COVID-19 outbreak: A frontline experience from Milan, Italy. Circulation. 2020;141:1597-1599. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047070.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.04707032207994
- 28. Mahmud E, Dauerman H, Welt F, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;S0735-1097(20)35026-9. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2020.04.039.
- 29. Leurent G, Langella B, Fougerou C, et al. Diagnostic contributions of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients presenting with elevated troponin, acute chest pain syndrome and unobstructed coronary arteries. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;104:161-170. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2011.01.005.10.1016/j.acvd.2011.01.00521497305
- 30. Clerkin K, Fried J, Raikhelkar J, et al. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2020;141:1648-1655. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.04694132200663
- 31. Cheng R, Leedy D. COVID-19 and acute myocardial injury: the heart of the matter or an innocent bystander? Heart. 2020;106:1122-1124. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317025.10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317025721109632354799
- 32. Zeng JH, Liu YX, Yuan J, et al. First case of COVID-19 infection with fulminant myocarditis complication: case report and insights. Infection. 2020;1-5. doi: 10.1007/s15010-020-01424-5.10.1007/s15010-020-01424-5714607232277408