Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Inflammatory markers comparison based on the crazy paving pattern
| Inflammatory markers | Crazy paving – No | Crazy paving – Yes | p- value |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6 | 10.74 (38.67) | 193.24 ± 214.37 | 0.020 |
| SII | 2842.3 ± 2530.29 | 5232.57 ± 3075.4 | 0.136 |
| SIRI | 5.23 ± 4.58 | 10.81 ± 6.43 | 0.081 |
| NLR | 9.51 ± 8.17 | 14.97 ± 4.14 | 0.162 |
| MLR | 0.47 ± 0.28 | 0.69 ± 0.27 | 0.167 |
| PLR | 235.9 ± 153.01 | 390.6 ± 250.05 | 0.176 |
| AISI | 1619.87 ± 1514.74 | 3759.81 ± 2871.04 | 0.095 |
Correlation between inflammatory markers and quantitative radiological features
| Inflammatory biomarkers | Quantitative radiological features | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BLO score | BLO percentage | BLHO percentage | Both Lungs Mean HU of Opacity | |||||
| r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
| IL-6 | 0.663 | 0.010 | 0.682 | 0.007 | 0.851 | 0.000 | 0.856 | 0.000 |
| SII | 0.844 | 0.000 | 0.814 | 0.000 | 0.709 | 0.005 | 0.626 | 0.017 |
| SIRI | 0.793 | 0.000 | 0.812 | 0.000 | 0.563 | 0.036 | 0.503 | 0.067 |
| NLR | 0.851 | <0.001 | 0.814 | <0.001 | 0.695 | 0.006 | 0.503 | 0.067 |
| MLR | 0.742 | 0.002 | 0.741 | 0.002 | 0.461 | 0.097 | 0.371 | 0.191 |
| PLR | 0.691 | 0.006 | 0.647 | 0.012 | 0.545 | 0.044 | 0.429 | 0.126 |
| AISI | 0.766 | 0.001 | 0.770 | 0.001 | 0.519 | 0.057 | 0.516 | 0.059 |
Comparison of the numeric values of the patients
| Variable | Discharged alive | Discharged deceased | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 66.07 ± 11.70 | 72.50 (12.25) | 0.024 |
| Platelet count | 257.45 ± 121.05 | 257.09 ± 123.11 | 0.987 |
| Haemoglobin | 11.37 ± 2.48 | 12.06 ± 2.85 | 0.161 |
| Haematocrit | 35.18 ± 7.02 | 36.87 ± 8.13 | 0.231 |
| Leukocyte count | 8.38 (6.18) | 13.33 (6.96) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil count | 6.43 (7.22) | 11.22 (7.57) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count | 1.07 (1.05) | 0.71 (0.67) | 0.022 |
| Monocyte count | 0.60 (0.48) | 0.70 (0.65) | 0.549 |
| Basophil count | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.732 |
| IL-6 | 16.35 (28.53) | 56.33 (101.86) | <0.001 |
| NLR | 1755.97 (3289.87) | 3636.35 (3931.26) | 0.001 |
| MLR | 3.75 (6.09) | 9.07 (12.90) | <0.001 |
| PLR | 6.50 (9.30) | 12.78 (15.60) | <0.001 |
| SII | 0.57 (0.54) | 0.75 (0.85) | 0.013 |
| SIRI | 228.31 (247.29) | 347.83 (340.16) | 0.038 |
| AISI | 1025.25 (1870.20) | 2059.01 (3985.77) | 0.005 |
| Opacity score | 7.00 (10.50) | 14.00 (7.00) | <0.001 |
| Right Lung | 4.00 (7.25) | 9.00 (4.50) | <0.001 |
| Left Lung | 2.00 (4.25) | 6.00 (3.00) | <0.001 |
| Upper Right Lobe | 1.00 (3.00) | 3.00 (2.00) | <0.001 |
| Middle Right Lobe | 1.00 (2.25) | 2.00 (2.00) | <0.001 |
| Lower Right Lobe | 2.00 (2.00) | 3.00 (1.25) | <0.001 |
| Upper Left Lobe | 1.00 (2.25) | 2.00 (1.25) | <0.001 |
| Lower Left Lobe | 1.00 (2.00) | 3.00 (1.00) | 0.555 |
| Both Lungs Opacity Volume | 605.85 (1779.78) | 1850.88 ± 955.79 | <0.001 |
| Both Lungs Opacity percentage | 18.15 (52.15) | 57.55 (30.38) | <0.001 |
| Both Lungs High opacity volume | 104.80 (426.18) | 383.00 (362.35) | <0.001 |
| Both Lungs High opacity percentage | 2.35 (12.43) | 12.15 (14.80) | <0.001 |
| Both Lungs Mean HU total | −692.40 (198.05) | −550.74 ± 117.19 | <0.001 |
| Both Lungs Mean HU of Opacity | −491.33 ± 124.97 | −436.41 ± 101.06 | .009 |
Patient characteristics
| Variable | n (%)/ Mean ± SD / Median (IQR) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 61 (50.8%) |
| Female | 59 (49.2%) |
| Qualitative features | |
| Crazy paving | 57 (47.5%) |
| GGO | 60 (50%) |
| Pleural effusion | 10 (8.3%) |
| Consolidation | 56 (46.7%) |
| Discharge status | |
| Alive | 54 (45%) |
| Dead | 66 (55%) |
| Age | 71.5 (14) |
| Blood tests | |
| Platelet count | 257.25 ± 121.67 |
| Haemoglobin | 11.75 ± 2.70 |
| Haematocrit | 36.11 ± 7.67 |
| Leukocyte count | 10.70 (7.24) |
| Neutrophil count | 9.39 (8.15) |
| Lymphocyte count | 0.81 (0.77) |
| Monocyte count | 0.63 (0.56) |
| Basophil count | 0.02 (0.02) |
| IL-6 | 29.16 (65.23) |
| NLR | 2936.39 (3852.17) |
| MLR | 6.30 (8.90) |
| PLR | 10.21 (15.09) |
| SII | 0.65 (0.73) |
| SIRI | 281.41 (307.84) |
| AISI | 1536.77 (2933.83) |
| Quantitative Analysis | |
| Opacity score | 12.00 (11) |
| Right Lung | 5.00 (4) |
| Left Lung | 2.00 (2) |
| Upper Right Lobe | 2.00 (2) |
| Middle Right Lobe | 3.00 (3) |
| Lower Right Lobe | 2.00 (2) |
| Upper Left Lobe | 3.00 (3) |
| Lower Left Lobe | 12.00 (11) |
| Both Lungs Opacity Volume | 1474.95 (1902.90) |
| Both Lungs Opacity percentage | 48.05 (56.70) |
| Both Lungs High opacity volume | 320.25 (514.70) |
| Both Lungs High opacity percentage | 8.50 (16.08) |
| Both Lungs Mean HU total | −603.00 ± 133.01 |
| Both Lungs Mean HU of Opacity | −461.12 ± 115.27 |
Categorical variables of the patients
| Variable | Discharged alive | Discharged deceased | p / OR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 24 (20%) | 37 (31%) | 0.205 |
| Female | 30 (25%) | 29 (24%) | |
| Crazy paving | |||
| No | 36 (30%) | 27 (23%) | 0.006/OR=2.89 |
| Yes | 18 (15%) | 39 (33%) | |
| Ground Glass-Opacities | |||
| No | 27 (23%) | 33 (28%) | 1 |
| Yes | 27 (23%) | 33 (28%) | |
| Pleural Effusion | |||
| No | 50 (42%) | 60 (50%) | 1 |
| Yes | 4 (3%) | 6 (5%) | |