Fig. 1.
Correlation between RRI, venous flow pattern, and proBNP RRI≥0.75 (0=no, 1=yes) VFP (1=Continuous, 2= biphasic, 3=monophasic)
Table 1.
Correlation between RRI, venous flow pattern, and parameters of volume status of patients
| Parameters | RRI≥0.75 | Venous flow patter | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=20) | No (n=41) | P-value | Continuous (n=30) | Biphasic (n=17) | Monophasic (n=14) | P-value | |||
| New York heart association class | 2 | n=1 (5%) | n=3 (7.3%) | n=4 (13.3%) | n=0 (0.0%) | n=0 (0.0%) | |||
| 3 | n=6 (30%) | n=18 (43.9%) | 0.622 | n=17 (56.7%) | n=7 (41.2%) | n=0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 | ||
| 4 | n=13 (65%) | n=20 (48.8%) | n=9 (30%) | n=10 (58.8%) | n=14 (100%) | ||||
| Central venous pressure (cmH2o) | 17.00±4.08 | 14.49±4.6 | 0.045 | 12.20±3.32 | 17.41±4.00 | 19.43±2.79 | < 0.001 | ||
| Lower limb edema | n=12 (60%) | n=27 (65.9%) | 0.655 | n=17 (56.7%) | n=8 (47.1%) | n=14 (100%) | 0.005 | ||
| 3rd heart sound | n=5 (25%) | n=3 (7.3%) | 0.100 | n=1 (3.3%) | n=1 (5.9%) | n=6 (42.9%) | 0.002 | ||
| Pulmonary Rales | n=15 (75%) | n=23 (56.1%) | 0.153 | n=14 (46.7%) | n=12 (70.6%) | n=12 (85.7%) | 0.032 | ||
| Chest X-ray findings: | No specific findings | n=3 (15%) | n=17 (41.5%) | n=13 (43.3%) | n=6 (35.3%) | n=1 (7.1%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Cardiomegaly | n=1 (5%) | n=11 (26.8%) | n=11 (36.7%) | n=0 (0.0%) | n=1 (7.1%) | ||||
| Vascular cephalization | n=4 (20%) | n=5 (12.2%) | 0.004 | n=3 (10%) | n=4 (23.5%) | n=2 (14.3%) | |||
| Interstitial edema | n=8 (40%) | n=7 (17.1%) | n=3 (10%) | n=6 (35.3%) | n=6 (42.9%) | ||||
| Alveolar edema | n=4 (20%) | n=1 (2.4%) | n=0 (0.0%) | n=1 (5.9%) | n=4 (28.6%) | ||||
| IVC collapsibility | 19.61±4.63 | 24.77±6.03 | <0.001 | 27.57±4.35 | 20.60±3.72 | 16.46±3.11 | 0.019 | ||
| ProBNP(pg.\ml) | 8400± 4086.6 | 5310± 2627.7 | 0.002 | 4171.67± 1658.92 | 7158.82± 2732 | 9918.57± 3832.36 | < 0.001 | ||
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 288.40±47.51 | 313.37±42.73 | 0.043 | 327.40±26.83 | 303.82±37.03 | 259.21±53.40 | < 0.001 | ||
Fig. 2.
ROC curve for prediction of Acute Kidney Injury using RRI, venous flow pattern, proBNP, SOFA, GWTG, and ADHERE
Fig. 3.
The classification of each stage of AKI based on RRI and the classification of each stage of AKI according to the VFP (RRI≥0.75 (0=no, 1=yes) VFP (1=Continuous, 2= biphasic, 3=monophasic)
Table 3.
Comparisons between morbidity and mortality-related data after its classification according to RRI and VFP
| RRI>=0.75 | venous flow pattern | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=20) | No (n=41) | P-value | Continuous (n=30) | Biphasic (n=17) | Monophasic (n=14) | P-value | |
| Noninvasive ventilation | n=6 (30.0%) | n=3 (7.3%) | 0.048 | n=1 (3.3%) | n=2 (11.8%) | n=6 (42.9%) | 0.004 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | n=1 (5.0%) | n=2 (4.9%) | 1 | n=0 (0.0%) | n=0 (0.0%) | n=3 (21.4%) | 0.010 |
| failure of NIV to IMV | n=1 (5.0%) | n=0 (0.0%) | 0.328 | n=0 (0.0%) | n=1 (5.9%) | n=0 (0.0%) | 0.508 |
| length of hospital stays (days) | 7.40±2.56 | 6.05±2.34 | 0.045 | 5.37±1.71 | 6.82±2.40 | 8.502.71 | 0.165 |
| In-hospital mortality | n=4 (20.0%) | n=2 (4.9%) | 0.084 | n=0 (0.0%) | n=1 (5.9%) | n=5 (35.7%) | <0.001 |
| Survival time within 3 months-follow up (days) | 53.35±36.8 | 83.90±18.7 | 0.002 | 89.10±4.9 | 73.18±28.6 | 42.14±36.7 | < 0.001 |
| Readmission within 3 months | n=13 (65%) | n=7 (17%) | < 0.001 | n=3 (10.0%) | n=9 (52.9%) | n=8 (57.1%) | < 0.001 |
| 3-months mortality | n=7 (35.0%) | n=4 (9.8%) | 0.030 | n=1 (3.3%) | n=5 (29.4%) | n=5 (35.7%) | 0.005 |
| SOFA score | 4.85±3.01 | 1.95±1.76 | <0.001 | 1.50±1.22 | 2.94±1.71 | 5.86±3.25 | <0.001 |
| ADHERE risk score | 1.70±0.47 | 1.29±0.46 | 0.002 | 1.23±0.43 | 1.47±0.51 | 1.79±0.43 | <0.001 |
| GWTG-HF score | 50.15±12.47 | 41.02±10.9 | 0.005 | 38.13±7.36 | 42.18±7.78 | 58.86±12.92 | 0.002 |
Fig. 4.
Classification of the incidence of in-hospital mortality (A), the incidence of readmission to hospital within 3 months (B), and 3-month mortality (C) according to VFP (1=Continuous, 2= biphasic, 3=monophasic)
Fig. 5.
Classification of the incidence of readmission to hospital within 3 months (A) and the incidence of 3-month mortality (B) according to RRI (RRI≥0.75 (0=no, 1=yes)