Fig. 1.
Study characteristics
| Trial (Study, Year) | Number of patients | Country | Study design | Inclusion criteria | Rapid sodium correction definition | Cases of ODS, n (%) | Diagnosis of ODS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sterns, 1987 | 62 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Patients with serum sodium concentration of ≤110 mmol/L | The rate of correction to increase the serum sodium to ≥120 mmol/L exceeds 0.55 mmol/L/h | 3 (4.8) | Postmortem examination, brainstem auditory evoked responses |
| Ellis, 1995 | 184 | USA, UK | Retrospective cohort | All adult patients (≥16 years) with serum sodium ≤120 mmol/L at any stage of their hospitalization | >10 mmol/L/24h | 1 (0.5)a | MRI |
| Vu, 2009 | 247 | Australia | Retrospective cohort | All patients with serum sodium ≤120 mmol/L on admission | >12 mmol/L within the first 24h | 4 (1.6) | MRI |
| Geogheghan, 2015 | 412 | USA | Retrospective cohort | All hospitalized patients with serum sodium ≤120 mmol/L after correction for serum glucose | >10 mmol/L/24h | 1 (0.2) | Clinically or radiographically confirmedb |
| George, 2018 | 1490 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Adults ≥18 years of age admitted with an initial serum sodium <120mEq/L | >8 mEq/L/24h, >10 mEq/L/24h, or >18 mEq/L/48hc | 9 (0.6)d | MRI |
| Mustajoki, 2023 | 363 | Finland | Retrospective cohort | All patients admitted to the ED with plasma sodium concentrations <116 mmol/L | >10 mmol/L/24h | 5 (1.4) | MRI |
| Seethapathy, 2023 | 3274 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Patients (at least 18 years of age) hospitalized with serum sodium level <120mEq/L in the 24 hours preceding or 24 hours after the recorded time of admission | >10 mEq/L/24h | 7 (0.2) | MRI |