Table 1.
Structure of newly developed and existing needles
| Catheter gauge size | Types of needles (newly developed and existing needles) | Geometric design of the needle | Bevel length, mm | Bevel angle, degrees |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20G | Surshield SurfloII with the thin-tipped short bevel needle named 3D-Shin (newly developed needle) |  | 2.2 | 22 |
| Surshield SurfloII (existing needle) |  | 2.2 | 28 | |
| 22G | Surshield SurfloII with the thin-tipped short bevel needle named 3D-Shin (newly developed needle) |  | 1.9 | 22 |
| Surshield SurfloII (existing needle) |  | 1.9 | 26 |
Fig. 1.
Flowchart depicting the screening and enrolment process within this study. PIVC, peripheral intravascular catheter.
Table 2.
Patient characteristics during emergency room arrival
| Variables | Overall (n = 522) | Newly developed needles (n = 261) | Exiting needles (n = 261) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), years | 73 (57–82) | 73 (56–82) | 73 (57–81) | 0.94 |
| Male sex (n, %) | 297 (56.9) | 142 (54.4) | 155 (59.4) | 0.29 |
| Body height, median (IQR), cm | 162 (155–168) | 161 (155–168) | 162 (155–169) | 0.49 |
| Body weight, median (IQR), kg | 57 (50–67) | 57 (50–66) | 57 (50–68) | 0.54 |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 22.0 (19.5–24.2) | 21.8 (19.1–24.3) | 22.0 (19.5–24.2) | 0.66 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.32 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1.8) | 0 (0–1) | 0.93 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 209 (40.0) | 103 (39.5) | 106 (40.6) | 0.86 |
| Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 85 (16.3) | 36 (13.8) | 49 (18.8) | 0.16 |
| Insertion site (n, %) | ||||
| Hand | 13 (2.5) | 10 (3.8) | 3 (1.1) | 0.05 |
| Forearm | 385 (73.8) | 185 (70.9) | 200 (76.6) | 0.44 |
| Elbow | 113 (21.7) | 58 (22.2) | 55 (21.1) | 0.78 |
| Upper arm | 10 (1.9) | 7 (2.7) | 3 (1.1) | 0.21 |
| Lower leg | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | -† |
| Visibility of veins (n, %) | 462 (88.5) | 230 (88.1) | 232 (88.9) | 0.89 |
| Palpability of veins (n %) | 490 (93.9) | 243 (93.1) | 247 (94.6) | 0.59 |
| Mobility of veins (n, %) | 249 (47.7) | 126 (48.3) | 123 (47.1) | 0.86 |
| Inserted by (n, %) | ||||
| Residents | 5 (1.0) | 3 (1.1) | 2 (0.8) | 0.65 |
| Physicians excluding residents | 37 (7.1) | 19 (7.3) | 18 (6.9) | 0.87 |
| Individuals with < 5 years of nursing experience | 82 (15.7) | 42 (16.1) | 40 (15.3) | 0.83 |
| Individuals with ≥ 6 years of nursing experience | 398 (76.3) | 197 (75.7) | 201 (77.0) | 0.84 |
| Catheter gauge (n, %) | ||||
| 20G | 330 (63.2) | 161 (61.7) | 169 (64.8) | 0.53 |
| 22G | 192 (36.8) | 100 (38.3) | 92 (35.2) | 0.56 |
| Major axis of veins, median (IQR), mm | 3.0 (2.4–4.0) | 3.0 (2.2–4.0) | 3.2 (2.6–4.0) | 0.02 |
| Major axis of vessels/diameter of PIVCs, median (IQR) | 3.1 (2.3–3.8) | 3.0 (2.3–3.7) | 3.2 (2.6–3.9) | 0.04 |
| Movements of patients (n, %) | 27 (5.2) | 13 (5.0) | 14 (5.4) | 1.0 |
| Failure of initial insertion (n, %) | 81 (15.5) | 39 (14.9) | 42 (16.1) | 0.81 |
| Number of procedures performed until the success of insertion††, median (IQR) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 0.86 |
Table 3.
Result of logistic regression analysis for newly developed needles and failure of initial PIVC insertion
| Variables | Univariate analysis OR (95% CI) | p-value | Multivariable analysis OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Types of needles | ||||
| Existing needle | ref | - | ref | - |
| Newly developed needle | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | 0.72 | 0.79 (0.48–1.31) | 0.36 |
Table 4.
Result of multiple regression analysis for newly developed needles and the number of procedures†
| Variables | Univariate analysis Regression coefficient (95% CI) | p-value | Multivariable analysis Regression coefficient (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Types of needles | ||||
| Existing needle | ref | - | ref | - |
| Newly developed needle | 0.00021 [(−0.059)–(0.063)] | 0.95 | −0.0042 [(−0.065)–(0.056)] | 0.89 |