References
- WHO. Weekly Operational Update on COVID-19-1 March 2021. World Heal Organ [Internet]. 2021;(March):1–10.
- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(13):1239–42.
- Wunsch H. Mechanical ventilation in COVID-19: Interpreting the current epidemiology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(1):1–4.
- Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):934–43.
- ARDS Definition Task Force, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA [Internet]. 2012 20th June;307(23):2526–33.
- Fan E, Beitler JR, Brochard L, et al. COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted? Lancet Respir Med [Internet]. 2020;8(8):816–21.
- Gatinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. COVID-19 does not lead to a “typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(10):1299–300.
- Marini JJ, GatinonI L. Management ofCOVID-19 Respiratory Distress. JAMA -J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(22).
- Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Mortality among Patients with COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(10):1345– 55.
- Asghar MS, Haider Kazmi SJ, Ahmed Khan N, et al. Clinical Profiles, Characteristics, and Outcomes of the First 100 Admitted COVID-19 Patients in Pakistan: A Single-Center Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital of KarachiCorrection. Cureus. 2020;12(6).
- Baqi S, Naz A, Sayeed MA, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Patients With Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia at a Public Sector Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Cureus. 2021;13(2):1–13.
- Sarfaraz S, Shaikh Q, Saleem SG, Rahim A, Farooq F. Determinants of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 ; a prospective cohort study from Pakistan 1-Samreen Sarfaraz , FRCP ( Glasg ) Infectious Disease Department, The Indus Hospital , Karachi 2- Quratulain Shaikh, FCPS, MSc Indus Hospital Research Centre. 2021;
- Vincent J-L, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/ failure. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 1996 1st July;22(7):707– 10.
- Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 1985 Oct;13(10):818–29.
- (KDIGO) KDIGO. Section 2: AKI Definition. Kidney Int Suppl [Internet]. 2012 Mar;2(1):19–36.
- Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA [Internet]. 2016 23rd February;315(8):801.
- Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61–111.
- Lim ZJ, Subramaniam A, Ponnapa Reddy M, et al. Case Fatality Rates for Patients with COVID-19 Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. A Meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2021 1st January;203(1):54–66.
- Quah P, Li A, Phua J. Mortality rates of patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the emerging literature. Crit Care [Internet]. 2020 4th December;24(1):285.
- Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Mar;395(10229):1054–62.
- Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med [Internet]. 2020;8(5):475–81.
- Wang Y, Lu X, Li Y, et al. Clinical Course and Outcomes of 344 Intensive Care Patients with COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2020 1st June;201(11):1430–4.
- Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Admited to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(16):1574–81.
- Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes among 5700 Patients Hospitalised with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA -J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(20):2052–9.
- Gupta S, Hayek SS, Wang W, et al. Factors Associated With Death in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 Nov 1;180(11):1436.
- ICNARC. ICNARC report on COVID-19 in critical care [Internet]. ICNARC COVID-19 Study Case Mix Programme Database. 2020.
- King CS, Sahjwani D, Brown AW, et al. Outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 associated respiratory failure. Lazzeri C, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 Nov 23;15(11):e0242651.
- Auld SC, Caridi-Scheible M, Blum JM, et al. ICU and Ventilator Mortality Among Critically Ill Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2020 26th May; Publish Ah: E799–804.
- Søvik S, Bådstøløkken PM, Sørensen V, et al. A single‐centre, prospective cohort study of COVID‐19 patients admitted to ICU for mechanical ventilatory support. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand [Internet]. 2021 22nd March;65(3):351–9.
- Bellani G, Lafey JG, Pham T, et al. Epidemiology, Paterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries. JAMA [Internet]. 2016 23rd February;315(8):788.
- Ferrando C, Suarez-Sipmann F, Mellado-Artigas R, et al. Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020 29th December;46(12):2200–11.
- Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA [Internet]. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1061.
- Cheng P, Wu H, Yang J, et al. pneumonia scoring systems for severe COVID-19: which one is better. Virol J [Internet]. 2021 Dec 10;18(1):33.
- Zou X, Li S, Fang M, et al. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Score as a Predictor of Hospital Mortality in Patients of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2020 1st August;48(8):e657–65.
- Isted A, McDonnell AJ, Jones E, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 85 intensive care patients with Covid-19 in South London: A single centre observational study. J Intensive Care Soc [Internet]. 2020 Nov 11;175114372097154.
- Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 Jul;98(1):209–18.
- Fominskiy E V., Scandroglio AM, Monti G, et al. Prevalence, Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Invasively Ventilated COVID-19 Patients with Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy. Blood Purif [Internet]. 2021;50(1):102–9.
- Thakkar J, Chand S, Aboodi MS, et al. Characteristics, Outcomes and 60-Day Hospital Mortality of ICU Patients with COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney360 [Internet]. 2020 31st December;1(12):1339–44.
- Thapa SB, Kakar TS, Mayer C, Khanal D. Clinical Outcomes of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1;181(2):279.
- Sheth V, Chishti I, Rothman A, et al. Outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest in patients with COVID-19 in New York City. Resuscitation [Internet]. 2020 Oct;155(January):3–5.
- Shao F, Xu S, Ma X, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Resuscitation [Internet]. 2020 Jun;151:18–23.
- Hayek SS, Brenner SK, Azam TU, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill patients with covid-19: multicenter cohort study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 Sep 30;371:m3513.