Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Patients Discharged from Critical Care Units

Saeidi, Mohammad; Safaei, Alireza; Sadat, Zohreh; Abbasi, Parisa; Sarcheshmeh, Masoumeh Sadat Mousavi; Dehghani, Fariba; Tahrekhani, Mehran; Abdi, Mohammad

doi:10.2478/jccm-2021-0012

Figures & Tables

A flow diagram of participants through the study.

The prevalence and mean (SD) severity scores for depression, anxiety, and stress_

Mental symptoms		Severity	N (%)	M (SD)
Depression		Normal	166 (53.5)	2.18 (2.27)
N (%)	144 (46.5%)	Mild	10 (3.2)	8.10 (0.31)
		Moderate	53 (17.1)	11.92 (1.43)
M(SD)	16.15(1.40)	Severe	66 (21.3)	16.96 (1.32)
		Very severe	15(4.9)	20.53 (0.51)

Anxiety
		Normal	144 (46.4)	2.13 (2.52)
N (%)	166 (53.6%)	Mild	13 (4.2)	8.23 (0.43)
		Moderate	47 (15.2)	12.40 (1.31)
M(SD)	18.57(1.46)	Severe	89 (28.7)	17.25 (1.15)
		Very severe	17 (5.5)	20.29 (0.58)

Stress
		Normal	131 (42.2)	2.00 (2.30)
N (%)	179(57.8%)	Mild	16 (5.2)	8.50 (0.51)
		Moderate	38 (12.3)	11.68 (1.27)
M(SD)	19.69 (1.48)	Severe	95 (30.6)	16.85 (1.45)
		Very severe	30 (9.7)	20.30 (0.53)

Risk factors related to anxiety, depression and stress_

Factors		N	(%)	Anxiety			Depression			Stress
Factors		N	(%)	M	SD	P	M	SD	P	M	SD	P
Gender	Male	181	(58.4)	17.52	14.28	0.154*	15.41	13.76	0.215*	18.99	14.42	0.056*
	Female	129	(41.6)	20.04	15.16		17.19	14.33		20.66	15.51

Age	Less than 60 years	184	(59.4)	14.80	14.85	0.001**	12.71	13.41	0.001**	15.57	14.81	0.001**
	60 years and more	126	(40.6)	24.07	12.59		21.17	13.38		25.69	13.86

Occupation	Simple worker and technical	102	(32.9)	21.03	14.41		18.33	13.95		22.49	14.31
	Governmental employee	89	(28.7)	6.24	9.38	0.001^***	6.28	9.90	0.001^***	7.78	10.76	0.001^***
	Abandoned and housewife	91	(29.3)	26.65	11.79		22.46	12.31		27.12	11.93
	Retired	26	(8.38)	23.76	12.80		20.07	14.32		24.38	14.48

Marital status	Single	20	(6.5)	22.50	11.23	0.001*	20.40	13.05	0.157*	19.46	14.99	0.001*
	Married	290	(93.5)	18.30	14.87		15.86	14.05		22.90	13.17

Number of M SD children	Less than five	206	(66.5)	24.82	11.79	0.001*	21.59	12.64	0.001*	16.21	14.79	0.001*
3.7 2.28	More than five	104	(33.5)	15.41	15.00		13.40	13.89		26.57	12.54

Elementary or higher education level	No	153	(49.3)	27.98	11.16		24.82	12.71		28.51	11.41
	Yes	157	(50.6)	9.70	11.81	0.001*	7.94	9.58	0.001*	11.40	12.89	0.001*

Hospital LOS (days)	Up to 5	138	(44.5)	11.04	14.37		10.01	13.58		11.57	14.69
	5-10	99	(31.9)	22.78	12.45	0.001***	21.9	12.48	0.001***	24.64	11.27	0.001***
	10-15	45	(14.5)	26.88	10.56		23.51	12.43		29.33	9.82
	More than 15	28	(9.08)	27.42	11.12		16.78	10.79		26.64	13.83

Hospitalization ward	ICU	138	(44.5)	19.77	14.26	0.029*	18.41	15.02	0.001*	18.42	14.63	0.001*
	CCU	172	(55.5)	17.07	14.94		13.33	12.11		20.70	15.05

Hospitalization due to trauma	Yes	20	(6.45)	24.61	14.52	0.345*	18.00	14.00	0.564*	26.15	13.96	0.313*
	No	290	(93.5)	24.61	14.52		16.07	14.03		19.40	14.88

Mechanical ventilation	Yes	109	(35.2)	24.18	11.82	0.001*	19.03	11.34	0.001*	25.83	11.46	0.001*
	No	201	(64.8)	15.53	15.20		14.59	15.06		16.35	15.48

Drug abuse	Yes	39	(12.6)	27.53	10.53	0.001*	22.92	10.53	0.001*	27.58	10.53	0.001*
	No	271	(87.4)	17.28	14.76		15.18	14.30		18.55	15.05

j_jccm-2021-0012_tab_005

1	I found it hard to wind down	1	2	3
2	I was aware of dryness of my mouth	1	2	3
3	I did not experience any positive feeling at all	1	2	3
4	I experienced breathing difficulty (e.g. excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion)	1	2	3
5	I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things	1	2	3
6	I tended to over-react to situations	1	2	3
7	I experienced trembling (e.g. in the hands)	1	2	3
8	I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy	1	2	3
9	I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself	1	2	3
10	I felt that I had nothing to look forward to	1	2	3
11	I found myself getting agitated	1	2	3
12	I found it difficult to relax	1	2	3
13	I felt down-hearted and blue	1	2	3
14	I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing	1	2	3
15	I felt I was close to panic	1	2	3
16	I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything	1	2	3
17	I felt I wasn’t worth much as a person	1	2	3
18	I felt that I was rather touchy	1	2	3
19	I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (e.g. sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat)	1	2	3
20	I felt scared without any good reason	1	2	3
21	I felt that life was meaningless	1	2	3

The score of each subscale_

Severity	Depression	Stress	Anxiety
Normal	0-9	0-14	0-7
Mild	10-13	15-18	8-9
Moderate	14-20	19-25	10-14
Severe	21-27	26-33	15-19
Highly severe	Up to 28	Up to 33	Up to 20

Association between demographic and clinical characteristics with anxiety, depression and stress based on multivariate analysis_

		Anxiety			Depression			Stress
Predictors	S.E.	β	P	S.E.	β	P	S.E.	β	P
Gender	.046	.035	.434	.054	.009	.866	.052	.028	.581
Age	.049	.076	.111	.058	.006	.914	.055	.050	.353
Occupation	.023	.005	.917	.027	.124	.020	.026	-.033	.508
Number of children	.051	.117	.015	.060	.046	.427	.057	.106	.053
Marital status	.083	.060	.145	.099	.058	.237	.095	.008	.860
Elementary or higher education level	.051	-.374	.000	.060	-.429	.000	.057	-.333	.000
Hospital LOS (days)	.025	.167	.001	.030	.000	.999	.029	.135	.016
Type of unit	.053	.118	.025	.062	.108	.086	.060	.188	.002
Hospitalization due to trauma	.100	.067	.097	.119	-.037	.446	.113	.011	.805
Mechanical ventilation	.055	-.272	.000	.066	-.097	.125	.063	-.240	.000
Drug abuse	.066	-.191	.000	.078	-.210	.000	.075	-.188	.000

Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Patients Discharged from Critical Care Units

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

The prevalence and mean (SD) severity scores for depression, anxiety, and stress_

Risk factors related to anxiety, depression and stress_

j_jccm-2021-0012_tab_005

The score of each subscale_

Association between demographic and clinical characteristics with anxiety, depression and stress based on multivariate analysis_

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