Fig. 1
Baseline and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients, according to the overall outcome_
| All (n=49) | Survivors (n=22) | Non-Survivors (n=27) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age | 71 (61,5-77) | 66,50 (54,3-71,3) | 73 (65-80) | 0.007 |
| Age > 71 years | 22 (45%) | 5 (23%) | 17 (63%) | 0.009 |
| Female Gender | 15 (31%) | 7 (32%) | 8 (30%) | 1.00 |
| Time spans | ||||
| Time from symptoms to mechanical ventilation (days) | 7.5 (5-12) | 8.5 (6-11.75) | 7 (3.5-11.5) | 0.226 |
| Time from hospital admission to mechanical ventilation (days) | 2 (1-5) | 2.5 (0-4.75) | 2 (1-5) | 0.573 |
| Chronic Medications | ||||
| Oral antidiabetic | 10 (20%) | 4 (18%) | 6 (22%) | 1.000 |
| Insulin | 6 (12%) | 3 (14%) | 3 (11%) | 1.000 |
| Antiplatelet therapy | 15 (31%) | 11 (41%) | 4 (18%) | 0.123 |
| Anticoagulation therapy | 6 (12%) | 4 (15%) | 2 (9%) | 0.678 |
| RAAS inhibitor | 16 (33%) | 5 (23%) | 11 (41%) | 0.229 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| History or active smoking | 19 (39%) | 7 (32%) | 12 (44%) | |
| COPD | 3 (6%) | 2 (9%) | 1 (4%) | 1.000 |
| Sleep Apnoea | 10 (20%) | 5 (23%) | 5 (19%) | 0.726 |
| Asthma | 4 (8%) | 2 (9%) | 2 (7%) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 20 (41%) | 10 (45%) | 10 (37%) | 0.574 |
| Dyslipidemia | 25 (51%) | 12 (55%) | 13 (48%) | 0.573 |
| Cardiovascular-cerebrovascular disease | 15 (31%) | 10 (37%) | 5 (23%) | 0.358 |
| Chronic Ischemic heart disease | 7 (14%) | 2 (9%) | 5 (19%) | 0.436 |
| Hypertension | 32 (65%) | 13 (59%) | 19 (70%) | 0.548 |
| History of stroke | 5 (10%) | 2 (9%) | 3 (11%) | 1.000 |
| Peripheral Arterial disease | 7 (14%) | 2 (9%) | 5 (19%) | 0.436 |
| Hepatopathy or cirrhosis | 2 (4%) | 1 (5%) | 1 (4%) | |
| History of cured cancer | 6 (12%) | 3 (14%) | 3 (11%) | 1.000 |
| Actively treated cancer | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8 (16%) | 3 (14%) | 5 (19%) | 0.715 |
| Immunosuppression | 6 (12%) | 2 (9%) | 4 (15%) | 0.678 |
| Charlson score | 4 (2-6) | 2.5 (1-4.75) | 5 (3-6) | 0.026 |
| Charlson score > 2 | 34 (69%) | 11 (50%) | 23 (85%) | 0.012 |
| Symptoms at admission | ||||
| Fever | 37 (76%) | 18 (82%) | 19 (70%) | 0.507 |
| Cough | 34 (69%) | 17 (77%) | 17 (63%) | 0.358 |
| Dyspnoea | 35 (71%) | 14 (64%) | 21 (78%) | 0.348 |
| Chest pain | 5 (10%) | 2 (9%) | 3 (11%) | 1 |
| Dysgeusia/Anosmia | 5 (10%) | 3 (14%) | 2 (7%) | 0.646 |
| Myalgia | 18 (37%) | 9 (41%) | 9 (33%) | 0.767 |
| Headache | 11 (22%) | 7 (32%) | 4 (15%) | 0.185 |
| Nausea | 9 (18%) | 5 (23%) | 4 (15%) | 0.713 |
| Vomiting | 6 (12%) | 3 (14%) | 3 (11%) | 0.314 |
| Abdominal pain | 4 (8%) | 2 (9%) | 2 (7%) | 1 |
| Diarrhoea | 11 (22%) | 6 (27%) | 5 (19%) | 0.510 |
| Analysis of blood gases at admission | ||||
| Litres of O2 administered at admission in ICU | 10 (6-15) | 8 (4-15) | 11 (7-15) | 0.071 |
| pH | 7.45 (7.36-7.48) | 7.47 (7.39-7.51) | 7.42 (7.34-7.47) | 0.075 |
| PaCO2, mmmHg | 35 (31-40) | 35 (29.5-39.75) | 35 (31-41) | 0.817 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 60 (53-70) | 58.5 (51.7-68.5) | 61 (53-70) | 0.717 |
| SpO2, % | 93 (89.1-96.5) | 92.7 (86.5-96.125) | 93 (89.8-96.6) | 0.936 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.9-2) | 1.25 (0.8-1.55) | 1.3 (1-2.15) | 0.197 |
| Biology at admission | ||||
| CRP, mg/l | 98 (167-235) | 171,5 (98-294) | 141,51 (95-220) | 0.457 |
| Leucocytes /mm3 | 7560 (6020-9040) | 7681 (6165-8820) | 7100 (5880-9435) | 0.680 |
| Haemoglobin g/dl | 12.5 (11-13.5) | 12,5 (11.1-14.8) | 12,2 (11.1-13.35) | 0.832 |
| Platelets x1000/mm3 | 191 (151-279) | 226 (153-310) | 181 (140-246) | 0.236 |
| Neutrophils /mm3 | 4980 (6640-7967) | 6975 (5325-8372) | 6140 (4820-7550) | 0.374 |
| Lymphocytes /mm3 | 670 (507-897) | 725 (610-1037) | 630 (425-730) | 0.060 |
| Urea mg/dl | 48 (29-72) | 38,5 (25.7-66.75) | 51 (37-74) | 0.184 |
| Creatinine mg/dl | 1.05 (0.78-1.6) | 0,985 (0.78-1.55) | 1,12 (0.79-1.56) | 0.424 |
| Sodium mmol/l | 137 (135-140) | 137,5 (134-140) | 137 (135-139) | 0.785 |
| Potassium mmol/l | 3.8 (3.5-4.4) | 3,845 (3.4-4.1) | 3,835 (3.58-4.71) | 0.108 |
| Total Bilirubin mg/dL | 0.545 (0.43-0.70) | 0,48 (0.38-0.6) | 0,57 (0.39-0.79) | 0.268 |
| Gamma-glutamyl-transferases UI/l | 79 (44.5-152.5) | 120 (52-183) | 56 (36-111) | 0.079 |
| Alkaline phosphatases UI/l | 71 (51.5-123) | 84 (63.5-138.25) | 57 (42-91) | 0.072 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) UI/l | 52 (37.3-63.8) | 55,5 (35.5-89.25) | 48 (36.5-61) | 0.692 |
| Alanine aminotransferases (SGPT) UI/l | 32 (21.5-48) | 36 (20.75-63.5) | 31 (20-39.5) | 0.475 |
| Lactate dehydrogenases UI/l | 543 (438.5-669.5) | 537,5 (464-631) | 543 (411-694) | 0.765 |
| Creatinine phosphokinases UI/l | 135 (75-391) | 121 (64-287) | 112 (38-456) | 0.687 |
| ICU Therapy | ||||
| Vasopressor | 35 (71%) | 13 (59%) | 22 (81%) | 0.100 |
| Intubation within 6 hours of admission | 36 (73%) | 19 (86%) | 17 (63%) | 0.180 |
| Tracheostomy | 11 (45%) | 11 (20%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Prone Positioning | 28 (57%) | 14 (64%) | 14 (52%) | 0.344 |
| NMBAs | 39 (80%) | 20 (91%) | 19 (70%) | 0.665 |
| RRT | 14 (29%) | 6 (27%) | 8 (30%) | |
| Length of stay in ICU | 14 (8-28) | 28 (13-40) | 10 (6.5-14.5) | <0.001 |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation | 12 (6-18) | 16 (7.5-27) | 8 (4-14) | 0.006 |
| SOFA score at intubation | 4 (1-5) | 1 (0-4) | 4 (1-5) | 0.109 |
| Ventilation Acquired Pneumonia | 21 | 15 (68%) | 6 (22%) | 0,002 |
Multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of mortality_
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | ||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Tracheostomy | 0.000 | (0.000) | <0.001 | 0.000 | 0.998 | |
| Age > 71 year-old | 5.780 | 1.629-20.513 | 0.009 | 4.597 | 0.706-29.914 | 0.110 |
| Charlson score > 2 | 5.750 | 1.489-22.208 | 0.012 | 3.588 | 0.621-20.746 | 0.154 |