Catatonia is diagnosed clinically if at least 3 of the following 12 conditions are present Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders_ American Psychiatric Association, 2013_(1)
| stupor (i.e., no psychomotor activity; not actively relating to environment) |
| catalepsy (i.e., passive induction of a posture held against gravity) |
| waxy flexibility (i.e., allow positioning by examiner and maintain position) |
| mutism (i.e., no, or very little, verbal response [exclude if known aphasia]) |
| negativism (i.e., opposition or no response to instructions or external stimuli) |
| posturing (i.e., spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity) |
| mannerisms (i.e., odd, circumstantial caricature of normal actions) |
| stereotypy (i.e., repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements) |
| agitation, not influenced by external stimuli |
| grimacing (i.e. making a grimace like children) |
| echolalia (i.e., mimicking another‘s speech) |
| echopraxia (i.e., mimicking another‘s movements) |