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Is the Money Supply Endogenous or Exogenous? A Panel Data Investigation of Developing Asian Countries Cover

Is the Money Supply Endogenous or Exogenous? A Panel Data Investigation of Developing Asian Countries

Open Access
|Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigates whether the money supply (MS) is endogenously or exogenously determined in 10 developing Asian countries. The study implemented the Panel FMOLS, DOLS, and ARDL/PMG approaches with quarterly panel data from 1980Q1 to 2020Q4. The results reveal that bank lending and income positively influence the MS, while the inflation rate has a negative impact. These findings support the idea that the MS is endogenously determined while rejecting the view of the Monetarists that the MS is exogenously determined or that there is a “helicopter drop” of money. Central banks should espouse a flexible approach to monetary policy that considers the broader economic environment. Recognizing the endogeneity of the MS can lead to more prudent strategies for achieving sustainable economic outcomes.

Language: English
Page range: 223 - 249
Submitted on: Nov 2, 2024
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Accepted on: Feb 18, 2025
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Published on: Jan 12, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 3 issues per year

© 2026 Muhammad Azam Khan, published by Central Bank of Montenegro
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.