Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Analyzes of pine honey (PH) and citrus honey (CH)*
| PH | CH | |
|---|---|---|
| Color (mm) | 63.0 | 8.0 |
| Moisture (%) | 16.6 | 18.1 |
| HMF (mg/kg) | 1.4 | 7.0 |
| Acidity (meq. g/kg) | 13.2 | 5.0 |
| pH | 4.7 | 3.9 |
| Proline (mg/kg) | 436 | 325 |
| Conductivity (mS/cm) | 1.08 | 0.15 |
| Diastase Number (DN) | 15.6 | 5.0 |
| Fructose (%) | 32.5 | 37.6 |
| Glucose (%) | 26.4 | 30.4 |
| Fructose/Glucose | 1.23 | 1.24 |
| Fructose+Glucose (%) | 58.9 | 68.0 |
| Sucrose (%) | 0.0 | 3.1 |
| Maltose (%) | 2.6 | 1.9 |
| Turanose (%) | 1.9 | 1.3 |
| Erlose (%) | 1.4 | 1.9 |
| Isomaltose (%) | 1.8 | 0.3 |
| Maltotriose (%) | 0 | 0 |
| Melezitose | 0 | 0 |
| Total Disaccharide (%) | 9.4 | 7.5 |
| Higher Sugars (%) | 8.7 | 1.5 |
| C13 Honey (δ C13 ‰) | −24.5 | −25.2 |
| C13 Protein (δ C13 ‰) | −24.7 | −24.9 |
| C13 Difference(δ C13 ‰) | −0.2 | 0.3 |
| C4 Sugar (%) | 1.3 | 0 |
| Naphthalene (ppb) | ODL | ODL |
| Sulfonamid group (ppb) | ODL | ODL |
| Tetracycline group (ppb) | ODL | ODL |
| Strepto group (ppb) | ODL | ODL |
| Fluoroquinolone group (ppb) | ODL | ODL |
| Macrolide group (ppb) | ODL | ODL |
| Chloramphenicol group (ppb) | ODL | ODL |
| Nitrofuran group (ppb) | ODL | ODL |
| Starch/Pollen (%) | 1.8 | 1.3 |
| Polen (%) | Dense | 38 |
Constants of GAB equation (C, k, m0), indicators for its fitting performance (R2, RE, DE) and mean net sorption energy in the monolayer (Qs, mono) and multilayer (Qs, multi) water region for the static sorption of honey
| Pine1 | Citrus1 | Clover2 | Colza3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aw-range | 0.1–0.9 | 0.1–0.9 | 0.3–0.8 | 0.2–0.9 |
| C | 2.96 | 4.73 | 4.64 | 5.29 |
| k | 0.9881 | 0.9936 | 0.9861 | 0.8356 |
| m0, % db | 9.93 | 10.63 | 10.62 | 10.26 |
| aw <=> m0 | 0.35–0.40 | 0.30–0.35 | 0.30–0.35 | 0.35–0.40 |
| R2 | 0.9871 | 0.9860 | 0.9924 | 0.9906 |
| RE* (%) | 4.73 | 4.33 | 0.51 | 8.30 |
| DE* | Random | Random | Random | Random |
| Qs, mono, kJ/kg | 211 | 239 | 235 | 239 |
| Qs, multi, kJ/kg | 84 | 113 | 111 | 116 |