Static Water Vapor Sorption Properties of Honey

	PH	CH
Color (mm)	63.0	8.0
Moisture (%)	16.6	18.1
HMF (mg/kg)	1.4	7.0
Acidity (meq. g/kg)	13.2	5.0
pH	4.7	3.9
Proline (mg/kg)	436	325
Conductivity (mS/cm)	1.08	0.15
Diastase Number (DN)	15.6	5.0
Fructose (%)	32.5	37.6
Glucose (%)	26.4	30.4
Fructose/Glucose	1.23	1.24
Fructose+Glucose (%)	58.9	68.0
Sucrose (%)	0.0	3.1
Maltose (%)	2.6	1.9
Turanose (%)	1.9	1.3
Erlose (%)	1.4	1.9
Isomaltose (%)	1.8	0.3
Maltotriose (%)	0	0
Melezitose	0	0
Total Disaccharide (%)	9.4	7.5
Higher Sugars (%)	8.7	1.5
C13 Honey (δ C13 ‰)	−24.5	−25.2
C13 Protein (δ C13 ‰)	−24.7	−24.9
C13 Difference(δ C13 ‰)	−0.2	0.3
C4 Sugar (%)	1.3	0
Naphthalene (ppb)	ODL	ODL
Sulfonamid group (ppb)	ODL	ODL
Tetracycline group (ppb)	ODL	ODL
Strepto group (ppb)	ODL	ODL
Fluoroquinolone group (ppb)	ODL	ODL
Macrolide group (ppb)	ODL	ODL
Chloramphenicol group (ppb)	ODL	ODL
Nitrofuran group (ppb)	ODL	ODL
Starch/Pollen (%)	1.8	1.3
Polen (%)	Dense	38

* Conducted by the donator, Balparmak Bal (Altıparmak Food Industry, İstanbul, Turkey)

ODL: Out of detection limit

The effect of a_w on the time of visible yeast formation (t_YF) (a) and the corresponding moisture content (MC_YF) (b) in pine honey (PH) and citrus honey (CH).

Sorption isotherm (SI) of pine honey (PH) (a) and citrus honey (CH) (b) and the fit of GAB Eq. (Eq. 2) to them.

Desorption part (a) and adsorption part (b) of sorption isotherm (SI) of pine honey (PH) and citrus honey (CH).

Table 2

Constants of GAB equation (C, k, m₀), indicators for its fitting performance (R², RE, DE) and mean net sorption energy in the monolayer (Q_{s, mono}) and multilayer (Q_{s, multi}) water region for the static sorption of honey

	Pine¹	Citrus¹	Clover²	Colza³
a_w-range	0.1–0.9	0.1–0.9	0.3–0.8	0.2–0.9
C	2.96	4.73	4.64	5.29
k	0.9881	0.9936	0.9861	0.8356
m₀, % db	9.93	10.63	10.62	10.26
a_w <=> m₀	0.35–0.40	0.30–0.35	0.30–0.35	0.35–0.40
R²	0.9871	0.9860	0.9924	0.9906
RE* (%)	4.73	4.33	0.51	8.30
DE*	Random	Random	Random	Random
Q_{s, mono}, kJ/kg	211	239	235	239
Q_{s, multi}, kJ/kg	84	113	111	116

* RE: Relative error = $\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i}^{n} \frac{| EMC - {EMC}_{GAB} |}{EMC} \times 100$

* DE: Distribution of error, (EMC - EMC_GAB) vs EMC

1 This work,

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2022-0010 | Journal eISSN: 2299-4831 | Journal ISSN: 1643-4439 (formerly 2299-4831)

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Language: English

Page range: 121 - 132

Submitted on: Nov 19, 2021

Accepted on: Oct 13, 2022

Published on: Dec 27, 2022

Published by: The National Institute of Horticultural Research and Apicultural Research Association

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

honey,

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© 2022 Kubra Arslan, Mahir Turhan, published by The National Institute of Horticultural Research and Apicultural Research Association
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 66 (2022): Issue 2 (December 2022)

Static Water Vapor Sorption Properties of Honey

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Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 2

Fig. 4

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