Fig. 1
Location of the Çukurova Region in Turkey.
Table 1
The results of qualitative chemical analysis and bee pathogen screenings in bees in Adana (ADFAL Report, 2017)
| Years | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 57 | 34 | 70 | 10 | 129 |
| Pesticides | |||||
| Amitraz | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Buprofezin | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Carbendazim | - | - | - | - | 14 |
| Carbofuran | 7 | - | - | - | - |
| Carbosulfan | 4 | - | - | - | - |
| Chlorpyrifos | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Coumaphos | 17 | 9 | 12 | - | - |
| Cyprodinil | - | - | - | - | 3 |
| Dimethylacetamide | - | - | - | - | 4 |
| Dimethylformamide | - | - | - | - | 6 |
| Epoxiconazole | - | - | - | - | 8 |
| Permethrin | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pyridaben | - | - | - | - | 5 |
| Taufluvalinate | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Tebuconazole | - | - | - | - | 5 |
| Trifloxystrobin | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Bee pathogens | |||||
| American foulbrood | - | - | - | 2 | 3 |
| Nosema | 2 | - | 33 | 5 | 72 |
| Varroa | - | - | - | - | 3 |
| Black queen cell virus | - | 3 | 7 | 1 | 18 |
| Chronic bee paralysis virus | - | - | - | - | 4 |
| Deformed wing virus | - | - | - | - | 17 |
| Kashmir bee virus | - | - | - | - | 9 |
[i] -: not determined
Fig. 2
High number of deaths of foraging bees in front of bee hives.
Table 2
The results of chemical analysis for neonicotinoids in dead honey bees in this study (as μg/kg)
| Sample data | Clothianidin | Acetamprid | Imidacloprid | Thiamethoxam |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/Yumurtalık | 13 | 1 | - | - |
| 2/Osmaniye | 10 | - | - | - |
| 3/Yeniyayla | 9 | 2 | - | - |
| 4/Seyhan | 7 | - | - | - |
| 5/Yüreğir | 6 | - | - | - |
| Min-Max(n=5) | 6-13 | 1-2 | ||
| Positive rate | (100%) | (20%) | - | - |
[i] Min-Max: Minimum-Maximum. - : Not detectable.
Table 3
The results of chemical analysis for neonicotinoids in dead honey bees in previous studies (as μg/kg and whole number)
| Sample data | Clothianidin positive rate | Acetamprid positive rate | Imidacloprid positive rate | Thiamethoxam positive rate | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min-Max (n=77) Germany | 1–212 (92%) | - | - | - | Pistorius et al., 2009 |
| Min-Max (n=105) Italy | 3–39 (25%) | - | 1–240 (25%) | 24–138 (2%) | Bortolotti et al., 2009 |
| Min-Max (n=17) Slovenia | 5–18 (88%) | - | <5 (12%) | 13–200 (18%) | Public report, 2011 |
[i] Min-Max: Minimum-Maximum. - : Not detectable.