Figure 1
Values of technical teleworkability variables from ICP survey.
Note: The figure shows the density distribution plot for the values of physical interaction variables across 798 different CP 5-digit occupations, divided by 1-digit occupation major groups. Wider sections of the density curves mean that more occupations are clustered around that value of the importance score. The dashed line represents the threshold used to classify the technical teleworkability of occupations.
Table 1
Variables selected for technical teleworkability index
| Variable | Scale reported | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manual Dexterity | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Finger Dexterity | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Performing General Physical Activities | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Handling and Moving Objects | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Lifting or moving people | Frequency (7-point scale) | ISCO 3 digit | EWCS |
Table 2
Variables selected for social interaction index
| Variable | Scale | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Selling or Influencing Others | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Training and Teaching Others | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Assisting and Caring for Others | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Performing for or Working Directly with the Public | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
| Coordinate the work and tasks of others | Importance (0–100) | CP 5 digit | ICP |
Figure 2
Relationship between technical teleworkability and social interaction index by 3-digit ISCO08
Note: The four quadrants are generated as follows. A cut-off point of 40 on the physical teleworkability scale to differentiate between teleworkable and non-teleworkable occupations (ISCO 3d) – as in the construction of the original index itself. We then further differentiate teleworkable jobs based on the social interaction scale discussed in the previous section and use a cut-off to differentiate between occupations with limited (<50) or extensive (>=50) social interaction. More detailed information on values of the “technical teleworkability” and “social interaction” indeces by occupations are provided in Appendix B.
Source: Authors’ calculations from ICP and EWS.
Figure 3
% of EU dependent employment by level of teleworkability and social interaction
Source: Authors’ calculations from EU-LFS, EWCS, ICP.
Figure 4
Relationship between technical teleworkability and prevalence of telework in 2018 by 2-digit ISCO08
Note: Employees only. “Teleworkability” refers to share of employment in teleworkable occupations according to our operationalisation; ‘telework, 2019 (2020)’ refers to share of employment working from home usually or sometime according to EU-LFS 2019 (2020) microdata (EU27).
Source: Authors’ calculations from ICP, EWS, and EU-LFS.
Figure 5
Teleworkability and actual teleworking among employees by broad occupation group
Note: Employees only. “Teleworkability” refers to share of employment in teleworkable occupations according to our operationalisation; ‘telework, 2019 (2020)’ refers to share of employment working from home usually or sometime according to EU-LFS 2019 (2020) microdata (EU27).
Source: Authors’ calculations from ICP, EWS, and EU-LFS.
Figure 6
Share of teleworkable employment, by country, in EU27
Note: Employees only. Changes in the survey methodology have led to a break in German data in 2020. Estimates for 2020 therefore cannot be compared directly with those of previous years. In addition, data collection during 2020 was impacted by technical issues and COVID-19 measures. The German data published is therefore preliminary and may be revised in the future. For more information, see here.
Source: Authors’ calculations from ICP, EWS, and EU-LFS.
Figure 7
Week-by-week share of employee usually (sometimes) working from home in 2020 in the EU27
Note: Employees only. Figures refer to the weighted data for EU27 countries combined.
Source: Authors’ calculations from EU-LFS ad-hoc extractions provided by Eurostat.
Figure A1
Distribution of physical interaction variable “Lifting or moving people” from EWCS
Note: The figure shows the distribution of the values of Lifting or moving people for 129 different ISCO 3-digit occupations, divided by 1-digit occupation major groups. The dashed line represents the threshold used to classify the technical teleworkability of occupations.
Table B1:
Technical teleworkability index and social interaction index by ISCO08 3-digit occupations
| ISCO08 code | Occupation title | Technical teleworkability | Social interaction |
|---|---|---|---|
| 111 | Legislators and senior officials | 1.00 | 0.68 |
| 112 | Managing directors and chief executives | 1.00 | 0.69 |
| 121 | Business services and administration managers | 1.00 | 0.61 |
| 122 | Sales, marketing and development managers | 1.00 | 0.65 |
| 131 | Production managers in agriculture, forestry and fisheries | 0.00 | 0.62 |
| 132 | Manufacturing, mining, construction, and distribution managers | 0.18 | 0.62 |
| 133 | Information and communications technology service managers | 1.00 | 0.57 |
| 134 | Professional services managers | 1.00 | 0.67 |
| 141 | Hotel and restaurant managers | 0.97 | 0.63 |
| 142 | Retail and wholesale trade managers | 0.07 | 0.67 |
| 143 | Other services managers | 0.89 | 0.61 |
| 211 | Physical and earth science professionals | 0.23 | 0.45 |
| 212 | Mathematicians, actuaries and statisticians | 1.00 | 0.59 |
| 213 | Life science professionals | 0.26 | 0.54 |
| 214 | Engineering professionals (excluding electrotechnology) | 0.25 | 0.50 |
| 215 | Electrotechnology engineers | 0.00 | 0.51 |
| 216 | Architects, planners, surveyors and designers | 0.38 | 0.36 |
| 221 | Medical doctors | 0.39 | 0.79 |
| 222 10 | Nursing and Midwifery Professionals | 0.00 | 0.94 |
| 225 | Veterinarians | 0.00 | 0.64 |
| 226 | Other health professionals | 0.59 | 0.75 |
| 231 | University and higher education teachers | 0.49 | 0.80 |
| 232 | Vocational education teachers | 1.00 | 0.76 |
| 233 | Secondary education teachers | 1.00 | 0.77 |
| 234 | Primary school and early childhood teachers | 0.61 | 0.78 |
| 235 | Other teaching professionals | 0.86 | 0.74 |
| 241 | Finance professionals | 1.00 | 0.46 |
| 242 | Administration professionals | 0.97 | 0.57 |
| 243 | Sales, marketing and public relations professionals | 1.00 | 0.56 |
| 251 | Software and applications developers and analysts | 1.00 | 0.46 |
| 252 | Database and network professionals | 1.00 | 0.41 |
| 261 | Legal professionals | 1.00 | 0.43 |
| 262 | Librarians, archivists and curators | 1.00 | 0.51 |
| 263 | Social and religious professionals | 0.98 | 0.67 |
| 264 | Authors, journalists and linguists | 1.00 | 0.43 |
| 265 | Creative and performing artists | 0.34 | 0.54 |
| 311 | Physical and engineering science technicians | 0.01 | 0.45 |
| 312 | Mining, manufacturing and construction supervisors | 0.00 | 0.57 |
| 313 | Process control technicians | 0.02 | 0.38 |
| 314 | Life science technicians and related associate professionals | 0.63 | 0.35 |
| 315 | Ship and aircraft controllers and technicians | 0.09 | 0.60 |
| 321 | Medical and pharmaceutical technicians | 0.00 | 0.39 |
| 322 | Nursing and midwifery associate professionals | 0.00 | 0.94 |
| 324 | Veterinary technicians and assistants | 0.00 | 0.39 |
| 325 | Other health associate professionals | 0.35 | 0.66 |
| 331 | Financial and mathematical associate professionals | 1.00 | 0.41 |
| 332 | Sales and purchasing agents and brokers | 1.00 | 0.66 |
| 333 | Business services agents | 1.00 | 0.52 |
| 334 | Administrative and specialised secretaries | 1.00 | 0.53 |
| 335 | Regulatory government associate professionals | 0.53 | 0.57 |
| 341 | Legal, social and religious associate professionals | 1.00 | 0.74 |
| 342 | Sports and fitness workers | 0.04 | 0.67 |
| 343 | Artistic, cultural and culinary associate professionals | 0.11 | 0.48 |
| 351 | Information and communications technology operations and user support technicians | 0.93 | 0.43 |
| 352 | Telecommunications and broadcasting technicians | 0.00 | 0.32 |
| 411 | General office clerks | 1.00 | 0.39 |
| 412 | Secretaries (general) | 1.00 | 0.44 |
| 413 | Keyboard operators | 1.00 | 0.29 |
| 421 | Tellers, money collectors and related clerks | 0.93 | 0.50 |
| 422 | Client information workers | 1.00 | 0.48 |
| 431 | Numerical clerks | 1.00 | 0.26 |
| 432 | Material-recording and transport clerks | 0.40 | 0.42 |
| 441 | Other clerical support workers | 0.82 | 0.40 |
| 511 | Travel attendants, conductors and guides | 0.73 | 0.78 |
| 512 | Cooks | 0.00 | 0.48 |
| 513 | Waiters and bartenders | 0.00 | 0.56 |
| 514 | Hairdressers, beauticians and related workers | 0.00 | 0.58 |
| 515 | Building and housekeeping supervisors | 0.00 | 0.70 |
| 516 | Other personal services workers | 0.32 | 0.55 |
| 521 | Street and market salespersons | 0.00 | 0.84 |
| 522 | Shop salespersons | 0.04 | 0.80 |
| 523 11 | Cashiers and ticket clerks | 0.10 | 0.51 |
| 524 | Other sales workers | 0.33 | 0.50 |
| 531 12 | Child care workers and teachers’ aides | 0.00 | 0.75 |
| 532 | Personal care workers in health services | 0.00 | 0.54 |
| 541 | Protective services workers | 0.40 | 0.57 |
| 611 | Market gardeners and crop growers | 0.00 | 0.43 |
| 612 | Animal producers | 0.00 | 0.33 |
| 613 | Mixed crop and animal producers | 0.00 | 0.36 |
| 621 | Forestry and related workers | 0.00 | 0.46 |
| 622 | Fishery workers, hunters and trappers | 0.00 | 0.41 |
| 711 | Building frame and related trades workers | 0.00 | 0.27 |
| 712 | Building finishers and related trades workers | 0.00 | 0.38 |
| 713 | Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers | 0.00 | 0.31 |
| 721 | Sheet and structural metal workers, moulders and welders, and related workers | 0.00 | 0.38 |
| 722 | Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers | 0.00 | 0.32 |
| 723 | Machinery mechanics and repairers | 0.00 | 0.33 |
| 731 | Handicraft workers | 0.00 | 0.36 |
| 732 | Printing trades workers | 0.33 | 0.30 |
| 741 | Electrical equipment installers and repairers | 0.00 | 0.40 |
| 742 | Electronics and telecommunications installers and repairers | 0.00 | 0.42 |
| 751 | Food processing and related trades workers | 0.00 | 0.50 |
| 752 | Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers | 0.00 | 0.37 |
| 753 | Garment and related trades workers | 0.00 | 0.36 |
| 754 | Other craft and related workers | 0.00 | 0.36 |
| 811 | Mining and mineral processing plant operators | 0.00 | 0.27 |
| 812 | Metal processing and finishing plant operators | 0.00 | 0.33 |
| 813 | Chemical and photographic products plant and machine operators | 0.00 | 0.30 |
| 814 | Rubber, plastic and paper products machine operators | 0.00 | 0.28 |
| 815 | Textile, fur and leather products machine operators | 0.25 | 0.31 |
| 816 | Food and related products machine operators | 0.00 | 0.33 |
| 817 | Wood processing and papermaking plant operators | 0.00 | 0.35 |
| 818 | Other stationary plant and machine operators | 0.00 | 0.29 |
| 821 | Assemblers | 0.00 | 0.26 |
| 831 | Locomotive engine drivers and related workers | 0.00 | 0.18 |
| 832 | Car, van and motorcycle drivers | 0.00 | 0.52 |
| 833 | Heavy truck and bus drivers | 0.00 | 0.18 |
| 834 | Mobile plant operators | 0.00 | 0.25 |
| 835 | Ships’ deck crews and related workers | 0.00 | 0.26 |
| 911 | Domestic, hotel and office cleaners and helpers | 0.00 | 0.32 |
| 912 | Vehicle, window, laundry and other hand cleaning workers | 0.00 | 0.45 |
| 921 | Agricultural, forestry and fishery labourers | 0.00 | 0.24 |
| 931 | Mining and construction labourers | 0.00 | 0.19 |
| 932 | Manufacturing labourers | 0.00 | 0.24 |
| 933 | Transport and storage labourers | 0.00 | 0.20 |
| 941 | Food preparation assistants | 0.00 | 0.26 |
| 951 | Street and related service workers | 0.00 | 0.43 |
| 952 | Street vendors (excluding food) | 0.00 | 0.71 |
| 961 | Refuse workers | 0.00 | 0.29 |
| 962 | Other elementary workers | 0.28 | 0.36 |
10 Value duplicated from 322: Nursing and midwifery associate professionals, because the official CP-ISCO mapping does not distinguish between the two.