Descriptive statistics of all youths and dropouts during army days
| Characteristics | % of all youths | % of all dropouts |
|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | |
| Gender (male) | 51.11 | 61.15 |
| Age | ||
| 16–17 years old | 95.55 | 75.24 |
| 18–21 years old | 3.85 | 21.14 |
| 22–25 years old | 0.60 | 3.62 |
| School | ||
| Lower secondary | 83.95 | 99.77 |
| Vocational upper secondary | 10.58 | 0.21 |
| General upper secondary | 5.05 | 0.02 |
| Postsecondary | 0.42 | 0.00 |
| Literacy | ||
| Level A | 88.44 | 64.72 |
| Level B | 2.99 | 13.23 |
| Level C | 1.87 | 5.62 |
| Level D | 2.66 | 8.56 |
| Level E | 3.27 | 7.04 |
| Directed | ||
| Toward any partner public institution | 11.79 | 63.49 |
| Toward ML agencies | 2.19 | 32.46 |
| Total number of observations | 5,514,495 | 237,110 |
ITT effects
| OLS estimates | Entry in agency (0/1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Panel A: impact of SMS | ||||||
| SMS – all | −0.0097 (0.0143) | −0.0100 (0.0144) | −0.0092 (0.0152) | −0.0090 (0.0154) | −0.0091 (0.0160) | −0.0093 (0.0162) |
| Constant (reference: no SMS) | 0.1864*** (0.0146) | 0.1866*** (0.0146) | 0.1860*** (0.0159) | 0.1858*** (0.0160) | 0.1859*** (0.0166) | 0.1860*** (0.0130) |
| Panel B: impact of SMS according to language style | ||||||
| SMS – formal | −0.0003 (0.0165) | −0.0000 (0.0168) | 0.0016 (0.0170) | 0.0020 (0.0174) | 0.0026 (0.0179) | 0.0019 (0.0181) |
| SMS – informal | −0.0129 (0.0143) | −0.0134 (0.0143) | −0.0129 (0.0153) | −0.0128 (0.0155) | −0.0131 (0.0161) | −0.0131 (0.0163) |
| Constant (reference: no SMS) | 0.1864*** (0.0146) | 0.1866*** (0.0146) | 0.1860*** (0.0159) | 0.1859*** (0.0160) | 0.1859*** (0.0166) | 0.1861*** (0.0130) |
| βSMS Formal = βSMS Informal | 0.1599 | 0.1314 | 0.1099 | 0.1107 | 0.0957 | 0.1020 |
| N | 4,103 | 4,103 | 4,103 | 4,103 | 4,103 | 4,103 |
| Displayed information | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Individual characteristics | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Agency characteristics | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Location characteristics | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Month fixed effects | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Control and treatment groups
| Group | Name |
|---|---|
| Control | No SMS |
| Treatment 1 | SMS – formal style |
| HELLO {YOUTH FIRSTNAME}, THE {AGENCY NAME} ADVISES YOUTHS ON THEIR PROJECTS. MORE INFORMATION AT {AGENCY ADDRESS}. THE 1ST MEETING DOES NOT REQUIRE AN APPOINTMENT. | |
| Treatment 2 | SMS – informal style |
| HEY {YOUTH FIRSTNAME}, THE {AGENCY NAME} ADVISES YOUTHS ON THEIR PROJECTS. + <SPECIFIC INFO> +. MORE INFORMATION AT {AGENCY ADDRESS}. THE 1ST MEETING DOES NOT REQUIRE AN APPOINTMENT! ☺ | |