Differentiating retirement age to compensate for health differences

	Poor health^a	Self-perceived bad health^b	Long-term illness^c	Limits^d	Limits^e	Limits^f
AUT	2.90	2.90	0.46	2.44	0.11	0.22
BEL	2.92	2.92	0.45	2.44	0.17	0.25
CHE	2.62	2.62	0.34	2.64	0.06	0.10
CZE	3.26	3.26	0.52	2.35	0.14	0.24
DEU	3.17	3.17	0.59	2.37	0.13	0.18
DNK	2.47	2.47	0.49	2.58	0.10	0.17
ESP	3.18	3.18	0.45	2.66	0.12	0.23
EST	3.75	3.75	0.70	2.23	0.22	0.33
FRA	3.08	3.08	0.43	2.51	0.12	0.17
GRC	2.83	2.83	0.31	2.75	0.06	0.18
HRV	3.24	3.24	0.58	2.37	0.15	0.24
HUN	3.59	3.59	0.66	2.32	0.17	0.40
ISR	2.95	2.95	0.49	2.57	0.17	0.40
ITA	3.11	3.11	0.36	2.58	0.10	0.17
LUX	2.97	2.97	0.46	2.45	0.11	0.18
NLD	2.85	2.85	0.46	2.35	0.07	0.16
POL	3.59	3.59	0.64	2.28	0.23	0.31
PRT	3.66	3.66	0.52	2.34	0.27	0.33
SVN	3.22	3.22	0.47	2.42	0.15	0.21
SWE	2.65	2.65	0.52	2.50	0.10	0.15

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

a 1–5 European scale.

b 1–5 US scale

c Yes (1) and no (0).

d Limited in activities because of health (on a 3–1 scale).

e Number of limitations with activities of daily living.

f Limitations with instrumental activities of daily living.

AUT, Austria; BEL, Belgium; CHE, Switzerland; CZE, Czech Republic; DEU, Germany; DNK, Denmark; ESP, Spain; EST, Estonia; FRA, France; GRC, Greece; HRV, Croatia; HUNG, Hungary; ISR, Israel; ITA, Italy; LUX, Luxemburg; NLD, the Netherlands; POL, Poland; PRT, Portugal; SVN, Slovenia; SWE, Sweden.

Table 2

Health items: incidence of objective conditions (+ grip strength) in respondents aged 50–79 years

Countries	Heart attack	Hypertension	Cholesterol	Stroke	Diabetes	Lung disease	Cancer	Ulcer	Parkinson	Cataract	Hip fracture	Mobility^a	Grip^b
AUT	0.10	0.39	0.22	0.04	0.12	0.06	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.07	0.01	1.24	35.15
BEL	0.09	0.33	0.31	0.03	0.10	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.02	1.28	35.88
CHE	0.06	0.28	0.15	0.02	0.07	0.04	0.04	0.02	–	0.06	0.01	0.64	35.72
CZE	0.12	0.49	0.25	0.04	0.17	0.07	0.05	0.05	0.01	0.08	0.02	1.38	34.91
DEU	0.10	0.41	0.19	0.03	0.13	0.07	0.07	0.03	0.01	0.07	0.01	1.19	36.78
DNK	0.08	0.32	0.23	0.03	0.07	0.07	0.05	0.03	0.01	0.06	0.01	0.82	37.78
ESP	0.08	0.36	0.28	0.02	0.15	0.05	0.04	0.03	0.01	0.07	0.01	1.30	30.51
EST	0.16	0.47	0.20	0.04	0.12	0.06	0.05	0.08	0.01	0.08	0.01	1.73	34.42
FRA	0.10	0.31	0.24	0.02	0.11	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.01	0.05	0.01	1.15	34.24
GRC	0.09	0.38	0.28	0.02	0.11	0.04	0.02	0.07	–	0.05	0.02	1.38	33.32
HRV	0.12	0.46	0.21	0.04	0.13	0.04	0.06	0.05	0.01	0.05	0.01	1.81	35.19
HUN	0.18	0.55	0.21	0.06	0.17	0.06	0.05	0.08	0.01	0.04	0.03	2.00	32.83
ISR	0.13	0.40	0.36	0.03	0.22	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.01	0.09	0.01	1.29	30.26
ITA	0.08	0.39	0.23	0.02	0.11	0.05	0.03	0.03	–	0.05	0.01	1.22	33.11
LUX	0.09	0.33	0.33	0.02	0.11	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.01	0.07	0.02	1.21	35.26
NLD	0.09	0.27	0.18	0.03	0.09	0.07	0.05	0.02	–	0.05	0.01	0.89	36.68
POL	0.16	0.44	0.23	0.04	0.14	0.05	0.04	0.06	0.01	0.06	0.01	1.90	34.24
PRT	0.10	0.46	0.41	0.04	0.19	0.06	0.06	0.08	–	0.08	0.02	1.94	30.34
SVN	0.10	0.44	0.26	0.03	0.13	0.05	0.05	0.06	–	0.06	0.02	1.53	35.36
SWE	0.10	0.36	0.17	0.03	0.10	0.04	0.06	0.02	0.01	0.08	0.02	0.88	36.25

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

a Arm function and fine motor limitations

b Maximum grip strength measure.

Differentiated retirement ages equalizing (expected) ill-health, across and within countries.

Differentiated retirement ages equalizing (expected) ill-health across countries: correlation with gross domestic product per head.
*Notes*: AUT, Austria; BEL, Belgium; CHE, Switzerland; CZE, Czech Republic; DEU, Germany; DNK, Denmark; ESP, Spain; EST, Estonia; FRA, France; GRC, Greece; HRV, Croatia; HUNG, Hungary; ISR, Israel; ITA, Italy; LUX, Luxemburg; NLD, the Netherlands; POL, Poland; PRT, Portugal; SVN, Slovenia; SWE, Sweden.

Table 3

Differentiated retirement age equalizing ill-health: between- and within-country differentiation

Countries	Differentiated retirement age, years	Gap with international reference (67 years), years	Differentiated retirement age, years, females	Differentiated retirement age, years, males	Male (M)	Female(F)					F–M gap	ISCED gap
					<ISCED3	ISCED3^a	>ISCED3	><ISCED3	ISCED3	>ISCED3			Retirement age, years, maximum	Retirement age, years, minimum	Maximum–minimum, years
AUT	68.92	1.92	67.82	69.50	64.11	71.90	72.50	64.81	68.81	69.83	−1.69	−6.70	72.50	64.11	8.38
BEL	67.49	0.49	65.45	70.66	65.03	73.44	73.50	61.38	66.41	68.55	−5.21	−7.82	73.50	61.38	12.12
CHE	79.45	12.45	77.91	80.79	79.11	80.66	82.61	73.42	79.92	80.38	−2.89	−5.23	82.61	73.42	9.19
CZE	62.50	−4.50	61.42	65.36	60.94	63.85	71.30	51.75	65.12	67.39	−3.94	−13.00	71.30	51.75	19.55
DEU	65.71	−1.29	64.38	66.58	64.00	65.81	69.94	59.65	63.13	70.34	−2.21	−8.31	70.34	59.65	10.69
DNK	74.87	7.87	73.67	75.46	71.69	75.46	79.24	72.80	70.54	77.68	−1.79	−6.22	79.24	70.54	8.70
ESP	65.78	−1.22	68.15	71.76	66.95	72.94	75.40	61.23	74.47	68.75	−3.61	−7.98	75.40	61.23	14.16
EST	55.52	−11.48	52.78	56.38	51.62	57.01	60.51	42.02	51.02	65.31	−3.60	−16.09	65.31	42.02	23.29
FRA	68.57	1.57	67.70	70.95	68.37	71.08	73.41	64.46	67.08	71.56	−3.26	−6.07	73.41	64.46	8.96
GRC	70.22	3.22	67.92	74.56	70.84	75.73	77.10	65.36	67.83	70.56	−6.64	−5.73	77.10	65.36	11.74
HRV	63.42	−3.58	63.61	64.76	60.12	67.49	66.68	58.94	67.84	64.06	−1.15	−5.84	67.84	58.94	8.90
HUN	53.93	−13.07	58.64	57.61	43.66	62.37	66.81	40	53.69	82.23	1.03	−32.69	82.23	40	42.23
ISR	65.11	−1.89	64.65	65.09	53.61	67.57	74.08	53.87	69.30	70.78	−0.44	−18.69	74.08	53.61	20.47
ITA	68.89	1.89	68.53	73.67	71.79	75.19	74.03	62.08	70.37	73.13	−5.14	−6.64	75.19	62.08	13.10
LUX	66.46	−0.54	66.05	68.22	53.81	74.71	76.13	56.50	62.08	79.57	−2.17	−22.70	79.57	53.81	25.76
NLD	72.79	5.79	72.10	77.82	71.89	78.86	82.72	67.77	76.85	71.67	−5.73	−7.37	82.72	67.77	14.96
POL	52.39	−14.61	50.43	55.17	49.70	55.13	60.67	48.77	43.97	58.56	−4.74	−10.38	60.67	43.97	16.71
PRT	58.62	−8.38	61.45	62.49	61.37	60.96	65.14	54.33	69.18	60.84	−1.04	−5.14	69.18	54.33	14.85
SVN	64.57	−2.43	65.32	66.77	61.07	66.36	72.87	60.25	61.96	73.76	−1.44	−12.65	73.76	60.25	13.51
SWE	74.62	7.62	74.36	76.57	73.58	75.78	80.35	70.29	76.20	76.60	−2.21	−6.54	80.35	70.29	10.06
Internal reference	67

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a ISCED3 = upper secondary degree.

Table 4

Robustness analysis: sensitivity of results to different definitions of the reference age of retirement and health – regression analysis

	Reference age (physical health), years				Health (reference age = 67 years)
	61	63	65	67	Physical and mental	Objective physical	Subjective physical	Physical
Female (reference: male)	−2.82 ^{^***} (0.000)	−3.04 ^{^***} (0.000)	−3.36 ^{^***} (0.000)	−2.89 ^{^***} (0.000)	−6.46 ^{^***} (0.000)	−6.44 ^{^***} (0.000)	0.09 (0.883)	−2.89 ^{^***} (0.001)
ISCED3 (reference <ISCED3)	5.85 ^{^***} (0.000)	6.43 ^{^***} (0.000)	5.74 ^{^***} (0.000)	6.63 ^{^***} (0.000)	6.89 ^{^***} (0.000)	4.28 ^{^***} (0.000)	5.61 ^{^***} (0.000)	6.63 ^{^***} (0.000)
>ISCED3	11.48 ^{^***} (0.000)	11.28 ^{^***} (0.000)	11.06 ^{^***} (0.000)	10.59 ^{^***} (0.000)	11.29 ^{^***} (0.000)	7.92 ^{^***} (0.000)	9.64 ^{^***} (0.000)	10.59 ^{^***} (0.000)
BEL (reference AUT)	−2.04 (0.357)	−1.79 (0.425)	−1.34 (0.581)	−0.61 (0.809)	−2.11 (0.384)	−1.84 (0.451)	0.24 (0.903)	−0.61 (0.802)
CHE	9.19 ^{^***} (0.000)	8.82 ^{^***} (0.000)	11.72 ^{^***} (0.000)	10.69 ^{^***} (0.000)	11.47 ^{^***} (0.000)	9.73 ^{^***} (0.000)	12.10 ^{^***} (0.000)	10.69 ^{^***} (0.000)
CZE	−4.87^{^*} (0.030)	−4.54^{^*} (0.045)	−4.45 (0.069)	−5.27^{^*} (0.038)	−5.26^{^*} (0.032)	−3.29 (0.178)	−6.06^{^**} (0.003)	−5.27^{^*} (0.032)
DEU	−6.15^{^**} (0.006)	−5.25^{^*} (0.021)	−3.47 (0.155)	−3.18 (0.207)	−2.90 (0.233)	−0.37 (0.878)	−4.83^{^*} (0.015)	−3.18 (0.191)
DNK	4.45^{^*} (0.046)	4.65^{^*} (0.040)	5.81^{^*} (0.018)	5.91^{^*} (0.020)	9.05 ^{^***} (0.000)	3.14 (0.199)	7.74 ^{^***} (0.000)	5.91^{^*} (0.016)
ESP	1.55 (0.483)	1.67 (0.457)	1.22 (0.614)	1.30 (0.606)	0.49 (0.839)	−1.39 (0.567)	2.54 (0.197)	1.30 (0.593)
EST	−14.54 ^{^***} (0.000)	−15.35 ^{^***} (0.000)	−14.81 ^{^***} (0.000)	−14.08 ^{^***} (0.000)	−21.12 ^{^***} (0.000)	−6.44 ^{^*} (0.013)	−14.46 ^{^***} (0.000)	−14.08 ^{^***} (0.000)
FRA	0.10 (0.964)	−0.11 (0.962)	−0.80 (0.742)	0.67 (0.791)	−2.59 (0.286)	1.01 (0.677)	0.79 (0.687)	0.67 (0.783)
GRC	4.55^{^*} (0.042)	3.75 (0.097)	3.07 (0.207)	2.58 (0.306)	1.20 (0.620)	−1.85 (0.448)	9.08 ^{^***} (0.000)	2.58 (0.289)
HRV	−3.99 (0.073)	−4.20 (0.064)	−5.12^{^*} (0.037)	−4.47 (0.078)	−5.95 ^{^*} (0.021)	−2.93 (0.229)	−6.04^{^**} (0.003)	−4.47 (0.067)
HUN	−10.79 ^{^***} (0.000)	−10.68 ^{^***} (0.000)	−10.88 ^{^***} (0.000)	−10.53 ^{^***} (0.000)	−1.96 (0.420)	−4.74 (0.085)	−4.90^{^*} (0.028)	−8.28^{^**} (0.002)
ISR	0.64 (0.773)	−0.72 (0.750)	−2.39 (0.326)	−3.79 (0.134)	−4.33 (0.077)	−11.15 ^{^***} (0.000)	−3.51 (0.075)	−3.79 (0.120)
ITA	4.65^{^*} (0.038)	4.65^{^*} (0.040)	5.15^{^*} (0.036)	2.44 (0.333)	7.13^{^**} (0.004)	3.12 (0.201)	2.31 (0.239)	2.44 (0.315)
LUX	−2.84 (0.200)	−4.37 (0.054)	−2.11 (0.385)	−1.53 (0.544)	−20.65 ^{^***} (0.000)	−1.14 (0.640)	−2.36 (0.230)	−1.53 (0.529)
NLD	1.96 (0.376)	2.11 (0.348)	2.93 (0.229)	6.30 ^{^*} (0.014)	−6.50^{^**} (0.009)	9.99 ^{^***} (0.000)	3.31 (0.093)	6.30 ^{^*} (0.011)
POL	−13.10 ^{^***} (0.000)	−14.16 ^{^***} (0.000)	−15.55 ^{^***} (0.000)	−15.86 ^{^***} (0.000)	−2.74 (0.261)	−8.45 ^{^***} (0.001)	−19.30 ^{^***} (0.000)	−15.86 ^{^***} (0.000)
PRT	−6.02^{^**} (0.007)	−5.48^{^*} (0.016)	−6.48^{^**} (0.009)	−6.69^{^**} (0.009)	7.39^{^**} (0.003)	−6.50^{^**} (0.009)	−7.32 ^{^***} (0.000)	−6.69^{^**} (0.007)
SVN	−0.66 (0.764)	−0.76 (0.736)	−0.88 (0.716)	−2.61 (0.299)		−2.59 (0.288)	−1.48 (0.451)	−2.61 (0.282)
SWE	3.81 (0.087)	4.20 (0.064)	5.48^{^*} (0.026)	6.80^{^**} (0.008)		8.05^{^**} (0.001)	6.39^{^**} (0.001)	6.80^{^**} (0.006)
Constant	58.65 ^{^***} (0.000)	60.73 ^{^***} (0.000)	62.84 ^{^***} (0.000)	64.37 ^{^***} (0.000)	66.87 ^{^***} (0.000)	67.46 ^{^***} (0.000)	63.89 ^{^***} (0.000)	64.37 ^{^***} (0.000)
Observations	120	120	120	120	108	120	120	120

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

Notes: The (health-equalizing) differentiated retirement ages are computed using i) (first four columns) different international reference ages for retirement, i.e., 61, 63, 65, and 67 years used above; or ii) (last four columns) different definitions of health: overall health (combining physical and mental health), subjective physical health, objective health, and physical health (combining subjective and objective items), which we have used so far. They are then regressed on gender, education, and country dummies. The stability of the coefficients suggests that the results are robust to changes in international reference retirement age or the definition of health.

p-values are in parentheses:

^* p< 0.05;

^** p< 0.01;

^*** p< 0.001.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

The difficulty to tag (importance of Type-E and Type-F errors). The case of less-vs. highly educated females aged 55–65 years in Germany (DEU), France (FRA), Belgium (BEL), and Poland (POL).

Table 5

Share of variance of ill-health within countries explained by sociodemographic categories

Countries	Ill-health index	Variance in ill-health	Share explained^a
AUT	−0.24	0.75	0.02
BEL	−0.17	0.76	0.03
CHE	−0.54	0.61	0.02
CZE	0.03	0.76	0.09
DEU	−0.02	0.69	0.06
DNK	−0.47	0.88	0.03
ESP	−0.10	0.69	0.02
EST	0.41	0.69	0.09
FRA	−0.18	0.65	0.02
GRC	−0.37	0.69	0.05
ITA	−0.13	0.69	0.02
LUX	−0.09	0.80	0.08
NLS	−0.24	0.67	0.02
POL	0.33	0.76	0.06
PRT	0.32	0.64	0.05
SVN	−0.04	0.69	0.09
SWE	−0.40	0.78	0.03

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a Using six sociodemographic groups (i.e., gender × education, where education consists of three levels: <ISCED3, ISCED3=upper secondary degree, >ISCED3).

Table A1

Number of respondents by wave

Wave	AUT	BEL	CHE	CZE	DEU	DNK	ESP	EST	FRA	GRC	HRV	HUN	ISR	ITA	LUX	NLD	POL	PRT	SVN	SWE	Total
	607	1,653	409	-	1,239	704	946	-	1,179	1,097	-	-	910	1,055	-	1,261	-	-	-	1,266	12,326
	916	2,647	1,243	2,303	2,173	2,189	1,794	-	2,215	2,650	-	-	1,809	2,331	-	2,285	2,046	-	-	2,268	28,869
	4,006	4,304	3,172	4,491	1,318	1,906	2,792	5,357	4,390	-	-	2,576	-	2,754	-	2,342	1,410	1,633	2,178	1,574	46,203
	3,315	4,528	2,518	4,536	4,825	3,520	4,792	4,206	3,526	-	-	-	1,680	3,583	1,330	3,499	-	-	2,339	3,786	51,983
	2,523	4,639	2,292	3,914	3,704	3,177	3,864	4,098	3,043	3,824	2,068	-	1,340	4,072	1,296	-	1,457	1,270	3,348	3,078	53,007
	2,338	3,759	1,835	3,163	2,996	2,711	3,134	3,350	2,482	2,259	1,969	1,206	1,346	3,238	924	-	3,808	323	2,731	2,403	45,975
Total	13,705	21,530	11,469	18,407	16,255	14,207	17,322	17,011	16,835	9,830	4,037	3,782	7,085	17,033	3,550	9,387	8,721	3,226	10,596	14,375	238,363
N	238,363

[i] Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

[ii] AUT, Austria; BEL, Belgium; CHE, Switzerland; CZE, Czech Republic; DEU, Germany; DNK, Denmark; ESP, Spain; EST, Estonia; FRA, France; GRC, Greece; HRV, Croatia; HUNG, Hungary; ISR, Israel; ITA, Italy; LUX, Luxemburg; NLD, the Netherlands; POL, Poland; PRT, Portugal; SVN, Slovenia; SWE, Sweden.

Table A2

Regression analysis of the macroeconomic determinants of the differentiated retirement ages

	Model 1	Model 2
Female (reference: male)	−2.89 ^{^***} (0.000)	−2.89 ^{^**} (0.006)
ISCED3 (reference<ISCED3	6.63 ^{^***} (0.000)	6.63 ^{^***} (0.000)
>ISCED3	10.59 ^{^***} (0.000)	10.59 ^{^***} (0.000)
GDP per capita		0.52 ^{^***} (0.000)
Annual working hours		0.00 (0.609)
Employment rate		−0.65 ^{^***} (0.000)
Human capital index		2.00 (0.421)
Capital per head		0.06 ^{^**} (0.008)
Share of government consumption		0.38 (0.985)
Constant	64.37 ^{^***} (0.000)	53.78 ^{^***} (0.000)
Controls	Country FE
Observations	120	120

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017, Penn World Table version 9.1.

Notes: p-values are in parentheses.

^* p < 0.05;

^** p < 0.01;

^*** p < −1.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education; GDP, gross domestic product; FE, fixed effects.

Table A3

Ill-health cross-country differences around the age of 67 years

	[b]	[b] – [a]	H0	β^b	H0
	Ill-health index^a	Ill-health gap (reference: internal average)	[b] – [a]=0 (p-value)	Marginal impact of 1 year of age	β=0 (p-value)
Internal reference [a]	−0.064
AUT	−0.167	−0.10	0.0000	0.0534	0.0000
BEL	−0.083	−0.02	0.3132	0.0386	0.0000
CHE	−0.476	−0.41	0.0000	0.0331	0.0000
CZE	0.092	0.16	0.0000	0.0347	0.0000
DEU	−0.007	0.06	0.0030	0.0443	0.0000
DNK	−0.366	−0.30	0.0000	0.0383	0.0000
ESP	−0.021	0.04	0.0236	0.0354	0.0000
EST	0.354	0.42	0.0000	0.0364	0.0000
FRA	−0.127	−0.06	0.0009	0.0399	0.0000
GRC	−0.210	−0.15	0.0000	0.0451	0.0000
HRV	0.140	0.20	0.0000	0.0571	0.0000
HUN	0.292	0.36	0.0000	0.0273	0.2257
ISR	−0.013	0.05	0.1316	0.0273	0.0000
ITA	−0.124	−0.06	0.0012	0.0317	0.0000
LUX	−0.047	0.02	0.6923	0.0324	0.0000
NLD	−0.263	−0.20	0.0000	0.0344	0.0000
POL	0.367	0.43	0.0000	0.0295	0.0000
PRT	0.427	0.49	0.0000	0.0586	0.0000
SVN	0.027	0.09	0.0002	0.0377	0.0000
SWE	−0.338	−0.27	0.0000	0.0358	0.0000

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

a A higher value indicates a poorer health.

b Estimated using “within”-respondent variation of ill-health across waves (i.e., fixed-effect estimation).

Table A4

Ill-health within-country differences: gaps by gender (Male, Female) and educational attainment (ISCED)

	Ill-health index^a	Index for males			Index for females			Male, H0: gap =0			Female, H0: gap =0
	Ill-health index^a	<ISCED3	ISCED3^b	>ISCED3	<iISCED3	ISCED3	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	>ISCED3
Countries								p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value
AUT	−0.167	0.31	−0.15	−0.17	0.29	0.01	0.01	0.0048	0.0017	0.0010	0.0000	0.9031	0.4705
BEL	−0.083	0.11	−0.22	−0.25	0.25	0.04	0.04	0.0278	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.4400	0.4432
CHE	−0.476	0.01	−0.05	−0.11	0.14	−0.01	−0.01	0.9210	0.3049	0.2173	0.0256	0.8148	0.8736
CZE	0.092	0.06	−0.07	−0.33	0.26	−0.09	−0.09	0.2206	0.1087	0.0000	0.0000	0.0041	0.0033
DEU	−0.007	0.09	−0.00	−0.20	0.34	0.10	0.10	0.5071	0.9026	0.0000	0.0000	0.0018	0.0023
DNK	−0.366	0.13	−0.03	−0.18	0.10	0.14	0.14	0.2148	0.6828	0.0124	0.1520	0.0782	0.2462
ESP	−0.021	−0.05	−0.19	−0.32	0.16	−0.24	−0.24	0.1479	0.0032	0.0000	0.0000	0.0003	0.1736
EST	0.354	0.17	−0.06	−0.27	0.46	0.14	0.14	0.0664	0.1797	0.0000	0.0000	0.0002	0.0000
FRA	−0.127	0.01	−0.10	−0.22	0.17	0.04	0.04	0.8229	0.0412	0.0012	0.0000	0.3356	0.0635
GRC	−0.210	−0.03	−0.27	−0.33	0.20	0.10	0.10	0.5732	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.1973	0.8908
HRV	0.140	0.14	−0.27	−0.56	0.15	−0.13	−0.13	0.0912	0.0748	0.0001	0.0211	0.2761	0.4814
HUN	0.292	0.28	−0.23	−0.51	0.81	0.01	0.01	0.3134	0.0275	0.0067	0.0000	0.9435	0.0000
ISR	−0.013	0.39	−0.07	−0.24	0.24	−0.11	−0.11	0.0003	0.4313	0.0010	0.0063	0.0926	0.0203
ITA	−0.124	−0.11	−0.23	−0.26	0.20	−0.03	−0.03	0.0015	0.0000	0.0027	0.0000	0.6553	0.1768
LUX	−0.047	0.34	−0.29	−0.44	0.30	0.21	0.21	0.0088	0.0007	0.0000	0.0015	0.0391	0.0480
NLD	−0.263	0.03	−0.22	−0.28	0.18	−0.14	−0.14	0.6165	0.0115	0.0006	0.0015	0.1581	0.7615
POL	0.367	0.09	−0.11	−0.31	0.09	0.14	0.14	0.5578	0.0432	0.0405	0.2669	0.0054	0.0006
PRT	0.427	−0.15	−0.27	−0.33	0.26	−0.35	−0.35	0.0295	0.2068	0.0219	0.0001	0.0117	0.4777
SVN	0.027	0.26	−0.07	−0.33	0.17	0.06	0.06	0.0058	0.0851	0.0000	0.0010	0.1869	0.0000
SWE	−0.338	0.05	−0.04	−0.22	0.15	−0.04	−0.04	0.3398	0.5381	0.0008	0.0019	0.4079	0.2903

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a A higher value indicates a poorer health.

b ISCED3=upper secondary degree.

Table A5

Marginal impact of 1 year of age on ill-health (b): breakdown by gender (Male, Female) and educational attainment (ISCED)

	β	β values, Male^a			β values, Female^a			Male, H0: β=0			Female, H0: β=0
Countries	Country level^a	<ISCED3	ISCED3^b	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	>ISCED3
Countries	Country level^a	<ISCED3	ISCED3^b	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	>ISCED3	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value
AUT	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.07	0.05	0.05	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
BEL	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
CHE	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
CZE	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
DEU	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
DNK	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
ESP	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.0000	0.0001	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
EST	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
FRA	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
GRC	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
HRV	0.06	0.04	0.07	0.17	0.03	0.03	0.13	0.0168	0.0195	0.0000	0.0334	0.2397	0.0000
HUN	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.5579	0.8046	0.0098	0.0011	0.1258	0.1036
ISR	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.0000	0.0154	0.0594	0.0001	0.3185	0.0845
ITA	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
LUX	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.02	0.5488	0.0033	0.0010	0.0071	0.0001	0.1954
NLD	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
POL	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.04	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	0.0000	0.0000	0.0002
PRT	0.06	0.05	0.12	0.05	0.06	0.03	0.06	0.0000	0.0000	0.0069	0.0000	0.1230	0.0011
SVN	0.04	0.07	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
SWE	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a Estimated using “within”-respondent variation of ill-health across waves (i.e., fixed effect estimation) around the country-specific retirement age.

b ISCED3=upper secondary degree.

Table A6

Differentiated retirement age equalizing ill-health: between- and within-country differentiation (reference age: 61 years)

Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (61 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	Education			F–M gap	ISCED gap		Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (61 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	F–M gap	ISCED gap		Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
AUT	63.29	2.29	63.00	63.03	59.21	63.95	65.88	−0.03	−6.67	66.45	59.02	7.43
BEL	60.79	−0.21	58.84	63.11	56.29	61.51	65.13	−4.27	−8.84	66.52	53.73	12.79
CHE	72.02	11.02	70.35	74.05	67.99	71.29	77.33	−3.70	−9.34	78.37	65.84	12.53
CZE	56.76	−4.24	56.79	59.50	49.03	58.48	66.93	−2.72	−17.89	68.37	44.88	23.49
DEU	57.89	−3.11	56.50	57.23	51.20	56.47	62.93	−0.73	−11.72	63.88	50.80	13.07
DNK	68.41	7.41	66.06	68.87	63.56	67.27	71.57	−2.81	−8.02	72.92	62.23	10.68
ESP	61.11	0.11	62.53	66.60	58.73	67.98	66.98	−4.07	−8.25	69.79	56.44	13.35
EST	49.48	−11.52	47.94	49.01	42.50	48.55	54.38	−1.07	−11.89	55.17	42.33	12.84
FRA	62.52	1.52	62.02	64.20	59.54	62.18	67.62	−2.18	−8.08	68.46	58.11	10.34
GRC	66.62	5.62	64.67	70.45	64.25	68.42	72.52	−5.78	−5.75	72.52	61.85	10.67
HRV	58.71	−2.29	56.75	61.30	54.29	61.90	60.89	−4.54	−6.60	63.70	49.52	14.18
HUN	44.96	−16.04	54.13	50.32	40.00	46.58	70.09	3.81	−30.09	75.62	40.00	35.62
ISR	63.56	2.56	63.00	64.30	50.80	67.77	72.39	−1.29	−21.59	73.64	48.94	24.70
ITA	65.49	4.49	65.98	69.34	63.04	70.55	69.39	−3.35	−6.35	70.56	58.39	12.17
LUX	59.02	−1.98	59.24	61.10	52.68	59.94	67.88	−1.86	−15.20	67.89	50.74	17.15
NLD	63.89	2.89	61.63	68.31	60.26	65.13	69.53	−6.68	−9.27	73.06	59.41	13.66
POL	48.73	−12.27	47.13	52.68	45.20	46.59	57.94	−5.55	−12.75	60.37	42.73	17.64
PRT	53.40	−7.60	53.93	60.06	52.90	56.23	61.85	−6.13	−8.95	66.29	49.76	16.53
SVN	60.47	−0.53	62.61	62.09	55.59	61.17	70.28	0.53	−14.69	74.62	52.76	21.86
SWE	66.80	5.80	64.80	68.84	63.54	65.69	71.24	−4.04	−7.70	71.87	60.76	11.11
Internal reference	61

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a ISCED3=upper secondary degree.

Table A7

Differentiated retirement age equalizing ill-health: between- and within-country differentiation (reference age: 63 years)

Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (63 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	Education			F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (63 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
AUT	65.21	2.21	64.20	66.02	61.72	66.10	67.52	−1.82	−5.80	68.80	61.15	7.64
BEL	63.07	0.07	61.43	65.20	58.73	63.82	67.40	−3.77	−8.68	68.16	55.92	12.24
CHE	73.96	10.96	72.69	75.18	70.84	73.51	77.46	−2.49	−6.62	77.84	70.22	7.62
CZE	59.00	−4.00	59.79	61.36	51.44	60.94	69.34	−1.57	−17.90	70.30	48.75	21.55
DEU	60.72	−2.28	59.28	60.44	55.50	59.74	64.34	−1.16	−8.84	65.40	54.05	11.35
DNK	70.41	7.41	68.94	70.58	65.25	68.87	75.16	−1.65	−9.92	75.19	64.31	10.88
ESP	63.15	0.15	64.12	69.45	61.08	69.53	69.74	−5.33	−8.65	72.28	58.06	14.22
EST	50.76	−12.24	49.23	50.29	43.78	49.83	55.67	−1.07	−11.89	56.45	43.61	12.84
FRA	64.44	1.44	64.14	65.87	60.93	65.52	68.57	−1.73	−7.63	69.27	60.26	9.01
GRC	68.09	5.09	65.58	72.13	66.09	70.08	70.40	−6.55	−4.31	74.10	63.33	10.77
HRV	60.69	−2.31	58.42	63.41	56.64	62.96	63.13	−4.99	−6.49	65.50	52.83	12.67
HUN	48.27	−14.73	56.33	52.52	40.00	49.89	73.39	3.81	−33.39	78.92	40.00	38.92
ISR	64.30	1.30	63.75	65.04	51.54	68.51	73.13	−1.29	−21.59	74.39	49.69	24.70
ITA	66.74	3.74	67.86	71.67	64.08	72.43	72.77	−3.81	−8.69	72.96	58.66	14.30
LUX	60.64	−2.36	58.23	63.24	53.01	63.01	66.19	−5.01	−13.19	70.82	51.85	18.97
NLD	66.16	3.16	64.43	70.02	62.74	69.11	69.83	−5.59	−7.09	73.35	61.01	12.33
POL	49.77	−13.23	48.17	53.72	46.23	47.62	58.98	−5.55	−12.75	61.41	43.77	17.64
PRT	54.95	−8.05	57.44	61.82	53.54	61.81	63.54	−4.38	−1−	67.03	49.93	17.11
SVN	62.71	−0.29	63.53	65.18	58.68	62.62	71.76	−1.64	−13.08	72.75	57.73	15.02
SWE	69.07	6.07	66.73	71.89	64.76	69.36	73.81	−5.16	−9.05	74.49	61.33	13.15
Internal reference	63 years

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a ISCED3=upper secondary degree.

Table A8

Differentiated retirement age equalizing ill-health: between- and within-country differentiation (reference age: 63 years)

Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (65 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	Education			F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum–minimum
Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (65 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum–minimum
AUT	67.01	2.01	66.40	67.11	63.93	68.21	68.13	−0.71	−4.20	68.62	63.59	5.02
BEL	65.02	0.02	62.77	68.06	60.92	67.03	68.31	−5.29	−7.39	70.29	57.33	12.96
CHE	77.45	12.45	77.81	79.15	73.95	77.33	84.16	−1.35	−10.21	85.00	71.69	13.31
CZE	61.01	−3.99	61.10	63.51	53.53	63.28	70.11	−2.41	−16.58	71.69	49.97	21.72
DEU	63.73	−1.27	62.15	64.42	59.70	62.51	67.66	−2.27	−7.95	69.03	57.44	11.60
DNK	72.68	7.68	70.86	74.27	70.15	69.86	77.69	−3.41	−7.54	78.15	67.16	10.99
ESP	64.12	−0.88	65.38	70.58	62.18	71.17	70.59	−5.19	−8.41	74.34	59.99	14.35
EST	53.30	−11.70	49.77	54.12	45.13	51.84	58.87	−4.35	−13.74	59.69	41.52	18.17
FRA	65.45	0.45	64.74	67.17	62.92	65.72	69.23	−2.43	−6.31	70.17	61.44	8.74
GRC	68.99	3.99	66.68	72.98	67.07	70.27	72.14	−6.29	−5.07	74.90	64.42	10.48
HRV	61.41	−3.59	59.14	64.13	57.37	63.68	63.86	−4.99	−6.49	66.22	53.55	12.67
HUN	50.44	−14.56	57.78	53.97	40.00	52.06	75.57	3.81	−35.57	81.10	40.00	41.10
ISR	64.61	−0.39	64.15	64.59	53.24	67.93	71.93	−0.44	−18.69	73.58	53.11	20.47
ITA	68.42	3.42	70.05	73.76	65.77	74.46	75.50	−3.71	−9.73	76.06	60.61	15.45
LUX	63.25	−1.75	63.31	65.98	55.38	66.65	71.91	−2.66	−16.52	74.78	50.83	23.95
NLD	69.14	4.14	65.98	73.38	67.57	69.12	72.35	−7.40	−4.78	79.13	65.58	13.55
POL	50.03	−14.97	48.44	53.99	46.50	47.89	59.25	−5.55	−12.75	61.67	44.03	17.64
PRT	56.90	−8.10	58.34	62.22	55.35	60.58	64.89	−3.88	−9.54	67.78	52.69	15.09
SVN	64.31	−0.69	65.52	66.22	60.69	63.94	72.99	−0.70	−12.30	74.53	60.07	14.46
SWE	71.98	6.98	68.23	76.25	68.89	71.44	76.40	−8.02	−7.52	80.18	65.73	14.45
Internal reference	65 years

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a ISCED3=upper secondary degree.

Table A9

Mental health: individuals aged 50–59 years (country averages)

Countries	Depression^a	Pessimism^a	Suicidality^a	Guilt^a	Sleep^a	Interest^a	Irritability ^a	Appetite^a	Fatigue ^a	Concentration^a	Enjoyment^a	Tearfulness^a	Mental ill-health index^b
					(lack of)	(lack of)		(lack of)		(lack of)	(lack of)
AUT	0.34	0.08	0.04	0.06	0.30	0.04	0.21	0.06	0.24	0.11	0.15	0.21	−0.26
BEL	0.39	0.12	0.09	0.09	0.35	0.07	0.28	0.09	0.34	0.19	0.08	0.31	−0.01
CHE	0.39	0.07	0.04	0.05	0.29	0.04	0.27	0.05	0.27	0.11	0.05	0.21	−0.26
CZE	0.38	0.16	0.08	0.07	0.35	0.06	0.24	0.07	0.31	0.12	0.05	0.20	−0.15
DEU	0.43	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.36	0.05	0.28	0.05	0.29	0.13	0.10	0.22	−0.16
DNK	0.30	0.04	0.03	0.10	0.30	0.05	0.22	0.05	0.31	0.10	0.06	0.16	−0.31
ESP	0.34	0.21	0.07	0.05	0.30	0.13	0.23	0.08	0.36	0.19	0.11	0.26	−0.04
EST	0.48	0.25	0.06	0.15	0.46	0.09	0.39	0.07	0.50	0.11	0.12	0.22	0.17
FRA	0.46	0.19	0.12	0.11	0.38	0.07	0.35	0.08	0.36	0.20	0.10	0.25	0.11
GRC	0.29	0.18	0.04	0.06	0.21	0.13	0.22	0.08	0.26	0.18	0.14	0.24	−0.17
HRV	0.41	0.18	0.07	0.06	0.34	0.09	0.34	0.08	0.39	0.16	0.09	0.25	−
HUN	0.40	0.23	0.12	0.13	0.38	0.11	0.36	0.11	0.47	0.19	0.15	0.30	0.23
ISR	0.31	0.15	0.05	0.09	0.32	0.11	0.29	0.09	0.28	0.18	0.11	0.25	−0.08
ITA	0.37	0.16	0.04	0.09	0.29	0.12	0.42	0.08	0.33	0.24	0.19	0.23	0.05
LUX	0.44	0.10	0.07	0.11	0.35	0.06	0.33	0.08	0.32	0.16	0.11	0.24	−0.03
NLD	0.30	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.26	0.06	0.15	0.05	0.27	0.18	0.09	0.28	−0.26
POL	0.53	0.35	0.10	0.11	0.44	0.11	0.41	0.10	0.41	0.19	0.25	0.23	0.32
PRT	0.52	0.45	0.10	0.07	0.43	0.11	0.34	0.12	0.31	0.27	0.22	0.36	0.35
SVN	0.37	0.26	0.05	0.08	0.36	0.06	0.29	0.06	0.28	0.11	0.08	0.17	−0.13
SWE	0.31	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.30	0.06	0.20	0.06	0.32	0.12	0.11	0.22	−0.25

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

a No (0), and yes (1).

b First principal component of all items (the higher the value, the worse is people’ s health). Principal component analysis was carried with all countries pooled.

The displayed values correspond to the predicted score values divided by the standard deviation.

Table A10

Differentiated retirement age equalizing ill-health: between- and within-country differentiation (objective physical health)

Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (67 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	Education			F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (67 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
AUT	68.30	1.30	66.54	70.09	66.29	69.48	69.17	−3.54	−2.88	71.37	64.46	6.91
BEL	66.02	−0.98	61.41	71.54	62.72	68.58	68.13	−10.13	−5.41	74.36	56.72	17.64
CHE	78.95	11.95	74.99	81.09	78.00	79.60	76.52	−6.10	1.48	82.20	73.49	8.71
CZE	63.43	−3.57	61.80	68.24	59.90	65.41	69.76	−6.44	−9.86	73.91	55.61	18.30
DEU	68.29	1.29	65.49	70.40	64.16	66.44	73.23	−4.91	−9.07	75.23	61.05	14.18
DNK	71.83	4.83	68.05	74.86	67.27	69.86	77.22	−6.81	−9.95	79.58	62.33	17.26
ESP	64.41	−2.59	62.86	70.99	62.67	70.51	67.60	−8.13	−4.93	74.20	59.01	15.20
EST	60.38	−6.62	51.21	67.68	51.04	56.26	71.03	−16.47	−19.99	73.31	40.00	33.31
FRA	68.49	1.49	66.57	72.09	65.55	69.39	73.05	−5.52	−7.49	74.71	63.30	11.41
GRC	66.06	−0.94	63.22	69.72	64.82	66.57	68.01	−6.50	−3.19	71.19	61.35	9.84
HRV	64.61	−2.39	63.70	67.07	62.22	66.04	67.89	−3.37	−5.66	69.03	60.11	8.92
HUN	57.01	−9.99	52.08	62.07	40.00	60.09	71.13	−9.99	−31.13	73.87	40.00	33.87
ISR	56.69	−10.31	55.47	58.86	50.93	60.17	60.39	−3.39	−9.46	61.77	46.86	14.90
ITA	68.32	1.32	69.05	73.82	66.20	73.77	74.35	−4.77	−8.15	75.52	60.38	15.14
LUX	65.00	−2.00	64.64	69.71	56.29	67.02	78.22	−5.07	−21.93	82.76	51.95	30.81
NLD	76.79	9.79	73.41	83.20	74.70	76.89	83.32	−9.80	−8.62	85.00	68.79	16.21
POL	59.78	−7.22	56.52	63.22	57.55	58.24	63.81	−6.71	−6.26	66.66	51.92	14.74
PRT	58.53	−8.47	60.95	62.67	57.72	67.29	60.43	−1.72	−2.71	70.92	52.70	18.22
SVN	65.06	−1.94	62.95	68.50	60.47	65.27	71.44	−5.55	−10.97	72.64	58.03	14.60
SWE	74.98	7.98	73.10	79.62	71.97	76.03	81.08	−6.52	−9.10	84.94	68.04	16.89
Internal reference	67 years

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a ISCED3=upper secondary degree.

Table A11

Differentiated retirement age equalizing ill-health: between- and within-country differentiation (subjective physical health)

Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (67 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	Education			F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (67 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
AUT	69.28	2.28	69.41	68.63	65.29	70.80	70.96	0.79	−5.67	71.22	64.32	6.90
BEL	68.58	1.58	68.17	70.34	65.11	70.13	72.53	−2.17	−7.42	74.22	64.90	9.32
CHE	80.95	13.95	80.77	81.47	76.37	81.99	85.00	−0.70	−8.63	85.00	74.38	10.62
CZE	62.02	−4.98	63.82	62.10	54.29	64.84	69.76	1.73	−15.47	70.56	53.81	16.76
DEU	64.75	−2.25	64.66	63.72	60.26	63.88	68.42	0.94	−8.16	69.59	59.77	9.82
DNK	76.37	9.37	76.93	76.60	74.12	75.22	80.95	0.33	−6.82	81.08	73.67	7.40
ESP	66.74	−0.26	71.34	71.77	65.47	76.23	72.98	−0.43	−7.51	78.75	63.75	15.00
EST	55.32	−11.68	54.33	54.80	48.56	54.21	60.92	−0.47	−12.36	62.02	47.79	14.23
FRA	68.88	1.88	69.70	69.92	66.88	69.84	72.72	−0.21	−5.84	73.03	65.84	7.19
GRC	74.96	7.96	76.11	80.09	73.38	80.84	80.09	−3.98	−6.71	83.10	69.52	13.58
HRV	62.89	−4.11	63.63	62.33	57.49	66.37	65.08	1.30	−7.59	66.63	54.77	11.86
HUN	55.15	−11.85	58.63	56.91	40.00	57.86	75.46	1.72	−35.46	81.12	40.00	41.12
ISR	64.83	−2.17	66.88	64.13	55.79	66.98	73.75	2.76	−17.96	75.51	54.52	20.98
ITA	67.53	0.53	71.76	70.90	65.68	73.74	74.58	0.86	−8.90	76.99	63.41	13.57
LUX	66.59	−0.41	66.45	66.87	60.37	67.18	72.42	−0.43	−12.05	73.17	58.34	14.83
NLD	70.82	3.82	70.95	73.71	68.39	72.51	76.10	−2.76	−7.71	79.48	68.22	11.26
POL	48.53	−18.47	49.12	50.31	42.51	47.37	59.27	−1.19	−16.76	60.68	42.01	18.67
PRT	59.81	−7.19	62.12	61.27	59.29	64.19	61.61	0.85	−2.31	68.83	57.86	10.97
SVN	65.34	−1.66	68.93	66.16	62.45	65.29	74.88	2.77	−12.43	77.48	61.45	16.03
SWE	74.57	7.57	75.46	75.36	72.22	75.74	78.26	0.09	−6.04	78.95	71.70	7.25
Internal reference	67

Source: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) 2004–2017.

ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education.

a ISCED3=upper secondary degree.

Table A12

Differentiated retirement age equalizing ill-health: between- and within-country differentiation (physical + mental health)

Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (67 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	Education			F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
Countries	Differentiated retirement	Gap to internal reference (67 years)	Differentiated retirement, Females	Differentiated retirement, Males	>ISCED3	<ISCED3	ISCED3	F–M gap	ISCED gap	Retirement maximum	Retirement minimum	Maximum – minimum
AUT	69.62	2.62	68.27	71.13	65.95	71.39	71.75	−2.86	−5.80	73.74	65.72	8.02
BEL	66.65	−0.35	62.58	72.59	62.24	69.54	70.98	−10	−8.74	75.82	58.28	17.54
CHE	83.22	16.22	77.77	84.56	77.36	83.44	82.69	−6.79	−5.34	85.00	71.03	13.97
CZE	63.60	−3.40	60.87	68.01	58.01	65.54	69.76	−7.14	−11.75	72.52	51.53	20.99
DEU	66.84	−0.16	64.93	68.66	63.15	64.80	72.44	−3.73	−9.29	72.72	60.98	11.74
DNK	77.73	10.73	76.82	80.68	72.83	78.42	85.00	−3.86	−12.17	85.00	69.14	15.86
ESP	63.97	−3.03	67.23	73.15	61.80	71.93	76.83	−5.91	−15.03	79.63	57.52	22.11
EST	48.27	−18.73	46.05	51.35	43.26	46.77	56.07	−5.30	−12.81	57.04	40.00	17.04
FRA	66.34	−0.66	63.64	70.57	62.87	66.66	71.79	−6.93	−8.92	75.45	60.16	15.28
GRC	69.53	2.53	66.46	75.34	67.20	71.27	74.23	−8.88	−7.03	78.83	63.19	15.63
ISR	60.96	−6.04	55.23	67.45	48.26	64.52	71.24	−12.22	−22.98	76.39	40.00	36.39
ITA	65.48	−1.52	64.32	71.16	62.78	69.98	70.46	−6.84	−7.68	72.33	56.70	15.63
LUX	64.97	−2.03	59.58	71.16	48.55	70.47	77.08	−11.58	−28.52	80.11	40.98	39.13
NLD	74.80	7.80	72.34	81.32	71.40	82.53	76.56	−8.98	−5.16	85.00	67.69	17.31
POL	40.84	−26.16	46.82	49.13	40.89	44.23	58.81	−2.31	−17.92	60.47	40.00	20.47
PRT	59.20	−7.80	60.12	66.28	59.21	64.25	66.14	−6.16	−6.93	69.88	54.69	15.19
SVN	64.49	−2.51	64.33	69.59	59.99	64.02	76.88	−5.26	−16.89	77.59	57.99	19.59
SWE	76.26	9.26	72.97	81.21	73.65	77.05	80.57	−8.24	−6.92	84.01	70.60	13.40
Internal reference	67