Figure 1
Lockdown dates.
Source: My own calculation based on newspapers and official statements.
Figure 2
School re-openings dates.
Source: My own calculation based on COVID-19 Impact on Education and Education Week.
Table 1
Economics working papers summary statistics
| Mean | SD | min. | Max. | Obs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All observations: | |||||
| Tot. authors | 2.738 | 1.366 | 1 | 18 | 4,778 |
| No. of downloads | 19.502 | 78.726 | 0 | 3,615 | 4,778 |
| No. of views | 111.341 | 458.425 | 1 | 28,396 | 4,752 |
| No. of pages | 47.186 | 23.789 | 2 | 564 | 4,745 |
| Female author | 0.442 | 0.497 | 0 | 1 | 4,778 |
| Total no. of female | 0.625 | 0.852 | 0 | 7 | 4,778 |
| Intensity female | 0.22 | 0.297 | 0 | 1 | 4,778 |
| At least one female author: | |||||
| Tot. authors | 3.199 | 1.549 | 1 | 18 | 2,112 |
| No. of downloads | 16.143 | 56.201 | 0 | 1,545 | 2,112 |
| No. of views | 103.014 | 228.24 | 1 | 8,121 | 2,098 |
| No. of pages | 48.073 | 21.5 | 4 | 250 | 2,098 |
| Total no. of female | 1.415 | 0.725 | 1 | 7 | 2112 |
| Intensity female | 0.498 | 0.247 | 0.071 | 1 | 2112 |
| Only male authors: | |||||
| Tot. authors | 2.374 | 1.07 | 1 | 9 | 2,666 |
| No. of downloads | 22.163 | 92.691 | 0 | 3,615 | 2,666 |
| No. of views | 117.923 | 578.851 | 1 | 28,396 | 2,654 |
| No. of pages | 46.483 | 25.438 | 2 | 564 | 2,647 |
[i] Notes: Sample period goes from January to November (17th) 2020.
Figure 3
Number of working papers by month.
Figure 4
Distribution of authors by gender and country of affiliation.
Figure 5
Distribution of authors by gender and position.
Figure 6
Distribution of authors by gender and tenure.
Figure 7
Aggregate number of papers by gender.
Notes: Mean values (bars) and 95% confidence interval.
Figure 8
Average no. of authors by period, gender and tenure.
Table 2
Impact of lockdown on gender production
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±30 | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| F | −0.4643 (0.8674) | −0.8929 (0.5711) | −0.8974+ (0.4582) | −0.8974* (0.4501) | −0.8974+ (0.4715) | −0.8974+ (0.4596) | −0.8974+ (0.4570) | −0.8974* (0.4466) |
| F*L | −1.8690 (1.2060) | −1.5478+ (0.7973) | −1.3071* (0.6293) | −1.1291+ (0.5851) | −0.9476 (0.5868) | −0.7634 (0.5546) | −0.5282 (0.5407) | −0.4971 (0.5204) |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Avg. Dep. Var. before | 5.7931 | 6.1754 | 5.7750 | 5.7750 | 5.7750 | 5.7750 | 5.7750 | 5.7750 |
| Obs. | 116 | 230 | 332 | 382 | 440 | 498 | 546 | 592 |
| R2 | 0.2349 | 0.4719 | 0.4970 | 0.5082 | 0.4766 | 0.4862 | 0.4835 | 0.5034 |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on aggregate daily economics working papers based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of lockdowns (day 0). Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table 3
Impact of lockdown and school re-openings on gender production
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| F | −0.8929 (0.6017) | −0.8974+ (0.4790) | −0.8974+ (0.4712) | −0.8974+ (0.4849) | −0.8974+ (0.4785) | −0.8974+ (0.4811) | −0.8974+ (0.4812) |
| F*L | −1.5478+ (0.8400) | −1.2624+ (0.6573) | −1.1290+ (0.6119) | −0.9639 (0.6029) | −0.7486 (0.5767) | −0.4704 (0.5680) | −0.4511 (0.5591) |
| SO | −9.2372*** (1.2475) | −6.4873*** (0.6534) | −5.8632*** (0.5297) | −5.4167*** (0.4557) | −4.4943*** (0.3956) | −3.7537*** (0.3554) | −3.1366*** (0.3266) |
| F*SO | −0.5888 (1.5732) | 0.0696 (0.8914) | 0.1271 (0.7603) | 0.3525 (0.7026) | 0.3820 (0.6524) | 0.5345 (0.6218) | 0.4894 (0.5986) |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Obs. | 252 | 402 | 489 | 595 | 697 | 803 | 909 |
| R2 | 0.4432 | 0.4769 | 0.4790 | 0.4601 | 0.4367 | 0.3942 | 0.3669 |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on aggregate daily economics working papers based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of lockdowns (day 0). Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Figure 9
Tenure, lockdowns and school re-openings.
Notes: Panel (a) reports the relative decrease/increase according to estimated coefficients, F*LD and F*SO, of Table A1 in terms of the sample averages for all female economists. Panel (b), replicates Panel (a), but focusing only on academics, according to the baseline estimates available in Table A2.
Table 4
Poisson model based on Eq. (2)
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| F | −0.1350+ (0.0736) | −0.1431* (0.0641) | −0.1431* (0.0641) | −0.1431* (0.0641) | −0.1431* (0.0641) | −0.1431* (0.0641) | −0.1431* (0.0641) |
| F*L | −0.1765+ (0.0991) | −0.1472+ (0.0846) | −0.1431+ (0.0813) | −0.1226 (0.0783) | −0.1096 (0.0768) | −0.0788 (0.0758) | −0.0860 (0.0752) |
| SO | −1.5999*** (0.2173) | −1.2932*** (0.1189) | −1.1619*** (0.0937) | −1.0714*** (0.0761) | −0.9366*** (0.0670) | −0.8039*** (0.0592) | 0.6778*** (0.0536) |
| F*SO | −0.3168 (0.3164) | −0.1035 (0.1767) | −0.1452 (0.1449) | −0.0363 (0.1204) | 0.0041 (0.1086) | 0.0586 (0.0986) | 0.0377 (0.0925) |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Obs. | 258 | 412 | 503 | 609 | 711 | 817 | 923 |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on aggregate daily economics working papers based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of lockdowns (day 0) and a Poisson specification. Estimates are expressed in Incident Rate Ratio (IRR). Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table 5
Pre-treatment period variation and extension
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | ±120 | ±150 | ±180 | ±210 | ±240 |
| F*L | −1.4231+ (0.8386) [−26%] | −1.2313+ (0.6455) [−22.6%] | −1.0972* (0.5474) [−18.6%] | −1.0362* (0.4954) | −0.4998 (0.4797) | −0.3025 (0.4394) | −0.2001 (0.4092) |
| F*SO | −0.4641 (1.5756) | 0.1008 (0.8833) | 0.1589 (0.7065) | 0.2803 (0.6083) | 0.6307 (0.5770) | 0.7024 (0.5108) | 0.7405 (0.4640) |
| BW: | −240, +60 | −240, +90 | −240, +120 | −240, +150 | −240, +180 | −240, +210 | ±240 |
| F*L | −1.2922+ (0.6617) [−23%] | −1.0114+ (0.5546) [−18%] | −0.8779+ (0.5000) [−15.6%] | −0.7129 (0.4703) | −0.4976 (0.4393) | −0.2194 (0.4230) | −0.2001 (0.4092) |
| F*SO | −0.3332 (1.4935) | 0.3207 (0.8396) | 0.3781 (0.6879) | 0.6036 (0.5995) | 0.6330 (0.5402) | 0.7855 (0.4962) | 0.7405 (0.4640) |
| BW: | −210, +60 | −210, +90 | −210, +120 | −210, +150 | −210, +180 | ±210 | −210, +240 |
| F*L | −1.3754* (0.6807) [−24%] | −1.0945+ (0.5711) [−19.3%] | −0.9611+ (0.5157) [−17%] | −0.7960 (0.4867) | −0.5807 (0.4554) | −0.3025 (0.4394) | −0.2832 (0.4257) |
| F*SO | −0.4164 (1.5177) | 0.2375 (0.8546) | 0.2950 (0.7015) | 0.5204 (0.6139) | 0.5499 (0.5542) | 0.7024 (0.5108) | 0.6573 (0.4790) |
| BW: | −180, +60 | −180, +90 | −180, +120 | −180, +150 | ±180 | −180, +210 | −180, +240 |
| F*L | −1.2945+ (0.7174) [−22%] | −1.0136+ (0.6004) [−17%] | −0.8802 (0.5421) | −0.7151 (0.5122) | −0.4998 (0.4797) | −0.2216 (0.4631) | −0.2023 (0.4490) |
| F*S | −0.3355 (1.5763) | 0.3184 (0.8865) | 0.3759 (0.7278) | 0.6013 (0.6383) | 0.6307 (0.5770) | 0.7832 (0.5331) | 0.7382 (0.5010) |
| BW: | −150, +60 | −150, +90 | −150, +120 | ±150 | −150, +180 | −150, +210 | −150, +240 |
| F*L | −1.6155* (0.6412) [−27%] | −1.3347* (0.5552) [−22.9%] | −1.2012* (0.5111) [−20%] | −1.0362* (0.4954) [−20%] | −0.8209+ (0.4697) [−17.8%] | −0.5427 (0.4590) | −0.5234 (0.4491) |
| F*SO | −0.6565 (1.3819) | −0.0026 (0.8057) | 0.0548 (0.6750) | 0.2803 (0.6083) | 0.3097 (0.5571) | 0.4622 (0.5222) | 0.4172 (0.4961) |
| BW: | −120, +60 | −120, +90 | ±120 | −120, +150 | −120, +180 | −120, +210 | −120, +240 |
| F*L | −1.5115* (0.6819) [−25.5%] | −1.2306* (0.5924) [−20.8%] | −1.0972* (0.5474) [−18.6%] | −0.9321+ (0.5337) [−16.8%] | −0.7168 (0.5076) | −0.4386 (0.4974) | −0.4193 (0.4878) |
| F*SO | −0.5525 (1.4275) | 0.1014 (0.8388) | 0.1589 (0.7065) | 0.3843 (0.6422) | 0.4137 (0.5909) | 0.5662 (0.5573) | 0.5212 (0.5321) |
Notes: Diff-in-Diff estimates on aggregate daily economics working papers based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of lockdowns (day 0) and 2019 and 2020 data. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table 6
WP written by only female vs. only male economists
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| F | −5.1667*** (0.9272) | −4.7674*** (0.6873) | −4.7674*** (0.6651) | −4.7674*** (0.6849) | −4.7674*** (0.6827) | −4.7674*** (0.6728) | −4.7674*** (0.6810) |
| F*L | −3.3477* (1.2742) | −3.0027** (0.9184) | −2.6595** (0.8526) | −2.4394** (0.8436) | −1.8565* (0.8165) | −1.3938+ (0.7924) | −1.0132 (0.7953) |
| SO | −8.5540*** (1.4818) | −6.3696*** (0.7204) | −5.8399*** (0.5749) | −5.4741*** (0.4934) | −4.6033*** (0.4316) | −3.8148*** (0.3793) | −3.2368*** (0.3529) |
| F*SO | 1.1893 (2.6189) | 3.0321* (1.2929) | 3.0088** (1.1380) | 2.5761* (1.1045) | 2.4934* (1.0422) | 2.6909** (0.9439) | 2.6319** (0.9061) |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Obs. | 144 | 254 | 307 | 376 | 445 | 519 | 585 |
| R2 | 0.4915 | 0.5008 | 0.5022 | 0.4733 | 0.4307 | 0.3865 | 0.3392 |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on aggregate daily economics working papers, written by only female and male economists, based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of lockdowns (day 0). Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table 7
Falsification tests
| No. papers | No. authors | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All economist | Only academics | ||||
| Tenured | Untenured | Tenured | Untenured | ||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| F | −0.9444 (0.6609) | −12.2059*** (1.5067) | −3.5926*** (0.6926) | −11.0645*** (1.2912) | −3.0000*** (0.6832) |
| F*PL | 0.0873 (0.9006) | −1.1751 (2.0268) | 0.2176 (0.8964) | −0.0934 (1.7399) | 0.3056 (0.8819) |
| Placebo days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes. |
| Obs. | 156 | 152 | 134 | 138 | 120 |
| R2 | 0.3912 | 0.5968 | 0.4648 | 0.5886 | 0.3891 |
Table 8
Falsification test: Eq. (2) using 2019 data
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| F | −0.6724 (0.5010) | −0.7632+ (0.4274) | −0.7632+ (0.4062) | −0.7632+ (0.4153) | −0.7632+ (0.3993) | −0.7632+ (0.4550) | −0.7632+ (0.4431) |
| F*L | −0.3276 (0.7181) | −0.1192 (0.5882) | −0.0243 (0.5250) | 0.0482 (0.5138) | 0.0634 (0.4799) | 0.1610 (0.5351) | 0.1596 (0.5119) |
| SO | −3.4788** (1.1811) | −3.7739*** (0.6379) | −3.5323*** (0.4870) | −2.6631*** (0.4112) | −2.2311*** (0.3511) | −1.5840*** (0.3541) | −1.2626*** (0.3126) |
| F*SO | −0.5181 (1.5267) | −0.4138 (0.8897) | 0.2692 (0.7046) | −0.1100 (0.6363) | −0.0563 (0.5680) | −0.3510 (0.6064) | −0.2132 (0.5624) |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Obs. | 242 | 373 | 463 | 564 | 660 | 764 | 876 |
| R2 | 0.7580 | 0.7054 | 0.6969 | 0.6462 | 0.6381 | 0.5493 | 0.5333 |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on aggregate daily economics working papers based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of a placebo lockdown (day 0) in 2019. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table 9
Falsification test: anticipated lockdown and school re-openings on gender production by tenure in 2019
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| Tenured: | |||||||
| F | −14.0175*** (1.6681) | −12.3699*** (1.2907) | −12.3699*** (1.2006) | −12.3699*** (1.1578) | −12.3699*** (1.1010) | −12.3699*** (1.1373) | −12.3699*** (1.0874) |
| F*L | 4.1119+ (2.4032) | 2.0973 (1.7768) | 2.6486+ (1.5532) | 2.7334+ (1.4341) | 3.3494* (1.3244) | 3.5571** (1.3396) | 3.7506** (1.2586) |
| SO | −10.5639** (3.7370) | −11.2136*** (1.8481) | −10.3680*** (1.3497) | −8.6527*** (1.0746) | −7.8347*** (0.9096) | −6.6142*** (0.8435) | −5.7173*** (0.7306) |
| F*SO | 7.5916 (5.9238) | 7.3415* (2.8655) | 8.6500*** (2.2115) | 7.5771*** (1.8513) | 8.4715*** (1.5946) | 7.4962*** (1.5348) | 7.4816*** (1.3940) |
| Obs. | 233 | 356 | 441 | 537 | 631 | 729 | 835 |
| R2 | 0.5145 | 0.5327 | 0.5433 | 0.5302 | 0.5285 | 0.4933 | 0.4934 |
| Untenured: | |||||||
| F | −3.2041*** (0.5746) | −2.8387*** (0.4799) | −2.8387*** (0.4584) | −2.8387*** (0.4527) | −2.8387*** (0.4334) | −2.8387*** (0.4853) | −2.8387*** (0.4883) |
| F*L | 0.7651 (0.8203) | 0.2207 (0.6580) | 0.1989 (0.5954) | 0.3062 (0.5614) | 0.3771 (0.5222) | 0.5150 (0.5709) | 0.6741 (0.5638) |
| SO | −3.0459+ (1.7360) | −3.9664*** (0.7555) | −3.2316*** (0.5771) | −2.9651*** (0.4727) | −2.6681*** (0.3832) | −2.0800*** (0.3769) | −1.4164*** (0.3402) |
| F*SO | 1.5144 (2.2084) | 1.6968 (1.1248) | 1.7082* (0.8629) | 1.7798* (0.7343) | 1.9606** (0.6422) | 1.8305** (0.6714) | 1.4707* (0.6354) |
| Obs. | 202 | 303 | 368 | 450 | 530 | 619 | 715 |
| R2 | 0.7091 | 0.6685 | 0.6565 | 0.6260 | 0.6195 | 0.5241 | 0.4851 |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on the aggregate daily number of authors by tenure based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of a placebo lockdown (day 0) in 2019. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table 10
Falsification test: anticipated lockdown and school re-openings on gender production by tenure in 2019, only academics
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| Tenured: | |||||||
| F | −13.3462*** (1.5895) | −11.4478*** (1.2359) | −11.4478*** (1.1532) | −11.4478*** (1.1068) | −11.4478*** (1.0537) | −11.4478*** (1.0755) | −11.4478*** (1.0316) |
| F*L | 5.4890* (2.2821) | 3.0052+ (1.6925) | 3.5922* (1.4858) | 3.5556** (1.3661) | 4.0055** (1.2659) | 4.1753** (1.2670) | 4.2921*** (1.1939) |
| SO | −8.0397* (3.4086) | −9.2466*** (1.7245) | −8.3408*** (1.2571) | −6.7932*** (0.9994) | −6.2408*** (0.8506) | −5.1511*** (0.7772) | −4.4447*** (0.6734) |
| F*S | 7.4202 (5.4120) | 7.2145** (2.7345) | 7.4827*** (2.2065) | 6.7210*** (1.8469) | 7.6111*** (1.5883) | 6.8548*** (1.5002) | 6.9297*** (1.3560) |
| Obs. | 215 | 332 | 410 | 498 | 579 | 666 | 766 |
| R2 | 0.4805 | 0.4834 | 0.4904 | 0.4781 | 0.4790 | 0.4467 | 0.4438 |
| Untenured: | |||||||
| F | −2.6585*** (0.6077) | −2.4038*** (0.4866) | −2.4038*** (0.4610) | −2.4038*** (0.4497) | −2.4038*** (0.4309) | −2.4038*** (0.4463) | −2.4038*** (0.4364) |
| F*L | 0.7547 (0.8638) | 0.3228 (0.6624) | 0.2991 (0.5984) | 0.3932 (0.5565) | 0.4376 (0.5179) | 0.5843 (0.5233) | 0.6641 (0.5030) |
| SO | −3.2011+ (1.6959) | −2.8491*** (0.7488) | −2.6068*** (0.5642) | −2.3743*** (0.4503) | −2.1180*** (0.3787) | −1.5810*** (0.3493) | −1.1985*** (0.3048) |
| F*SO | 0.1670 (2.5361) | 1.3259 (1.2324) | 1.5932+ (0.9251) | 1.5634* (0.7494) | 1.7143* (0.6631) | 1.5920* (0.6339) | 1.3287* (0.5758) |
| Obs. | 170 | 259 | 311 | 384 | 451 | 528 | 611 |
| R2 | 0.6417 | 0.6188 | 0.6140 | 0.5860 | 0.5776 | 0.5244 | 0.5061 |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on the aggregate number of authors by tenure, considering only economist with typical academic job positions, based on different band-widths, measured in days, around the timing of a placebo lockdown (day 0) in 2019. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table 11
Quantity vs. Quality
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| No. of abstract views | |||||||
| F | −20.3565* (10.3412) | −16.8934* (8.2433) | −16.8934 (11.7902) | −16.8934 (11.8163) | −16.8934 (34.0277) | −16.8934 (32.4696) | −16.8934 (31.2512) |
| F*L | 18.9826 (13.8169) | 13.4288 (10.8113) | 13.7892 (14.8635) | 11.8353 (14.3658) | −3.4149 (40.6140) | −4.8512 (38.2606) | −4.8601 (36.5031) |
| SO | 13.3143 (30.1371) | 7.4306 (15.1074) | −20.0042 (17.1660) | −17.3695 (13.9815) | −54.2111 (35.6794) | −42.0975 (30.1949) | −37.8504 (26.6631) |
| F*SO | 10.2765 (43.0945) | 11.0193 (21.9449) | 28.6878 (25.8868) | 13.4856 (21.6636) | −1.7638 (56.5204) | −8.5203 (49.1835) | −1.3294 (44.4585) |
| Obs. | 1735 | 2487 | 2883 | 3415 | 3806 | 4216 | 4580 |
| R2 | 0.0397 | 0.0651 | 0.0503 | 0.0410 | 0.0183 | 0.0182 | 0.0180 |
| No. of downloads | |||||||
| F | −17.7607** (6.0210) | −14.3489** (4.4886) | −14.3489*** (4.3221) | −14.3489*** (4.0954) | −14.3489* (5.7775) | −14.3489** (5.5434) | −14.3489** (5.3329) |
| F*L | 9.0604 (8.0467) | 7.7095 (5.8879) | 9.6104+ (5.4482) | 10.0929* (4.9795) | 9.4804 (6.8962) | 9.2851 (6.5327) | 9.3089 (6.2296) |
| SO | −8.2468 (17.5984) | −4.1042 (8.2437) | −4.2123 (6.3024) | −3.9210 (4.8551) | −9.1922 (6.0669) | −7.7112 (5.1636) | −6.8707 (4.5557) |
| F*SO | 19.8543 (25.1618) | 12.7012 (11.9759) | 13.6724 (9.4922) | 11.8854 (7.5150) | 10.2290 (9.5999) | 9.3387 (8.3939) | 10.4645 (7.5866) |
| Obs. | 1,744 | 2,499 | 2,899 | 3,431 | 3,824 | 4,236 | 4,601 |
| R2 | 0.0275 | 0.0391 | 0.0392 | 0.0406 | 0.0247 | 0.0249 | 0.0257 |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on individual daily economics working papers based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of lockdown policies (day 0). Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table A1
Impact of lockdown and school re-openings on gender production by tenure
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| Tenured: | |||||||
| F | −13.4643*** (1.3518) | −12.8553*** (1.1284) | −12.8553*** (1.1403) | −12.8553*** (1.1652) | −12.8553*** (1.1403) | −12.8553*** (1.1460) | −12.8553*** (1.1547) |
| F*L | −5.1392** (1.8951) | −4.7010** (1.5492) | −3.8589** (1.4769) | −3.3123* (1.4433) | −2.3072+ (1.3730) | −1.4809 (1.3521) | −0.6299 (1.3407) |
| SO | −26.9446*** (2.4337) | −18.9611*** (1.4470) | −17.8135*** (1.2051) | −15.9379*** (1.0429) | −13.6780*** (0.9102) | −11.5667*** (0.8215) | −9.7381*** (0.7610) |
| F*SO | 8.2262* (3.9539) | 9.9220*** (2.2514) | 9.6618*** (1.9527) | 9.3303*** (1.7700) | 8.8231*** (1.6132) | 8.2283*** (1.5238) | 7.8812*** (1.4719) |
| Obs. | 248 | 387 | 472 | 574 | 668 | 770 | 869 |
| R2 | 0.6238 | 0.6049 | 0.5875 | 0.5672 | 0.5504 | 0.5152 | 0.4814 |
| Untenured: | |||||||
| F | −3.5385*** (0.7257) | −3.4627*** (0.6048) | −3.4627*** (0.5853) | −3.4627*** (0.5764) | −3.4627*** (0.5633) | −3.4627*** (0.5636) | −3.4627*** (0.5593) |
| F*L | −3.1282** (1.0035) | −2.5331** (0.8110) | −2.3980** (0.7480) | −2.0367** (0.7066) | −1.5308* (0.6722) | −1.1854+ (0.6607) | −0.8951 (0.6463) |
| SO | −11.2053*** (1.4573) | −7.7262*** (0.8010) | −6.9591*** (0.6236) | −6.4456*** (0.5090) | −5.4061*** (0.4447) | −4.6897*** (0.4030) | −3.9675*** (0.3660) |
| F*SO | 3.4633+ (1.8344) | 2.5661* (1.1204) | 2.2724* (0.9419) | 2.2065** (0.8385) | 2.0342** (0.7677) | 2.1325** (0.7320) | 2.1043** (0.6976) |
| Obs. | 239 | 363 | 440 | 537 | 627 | 714 | 808 |
| R2 | 0.4302 | 0.4307 | 0.4529 | 0.4610 | 0.4353 | 0.3933 | 0.3674 |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on the aggregate daily number of authors by tenure based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of lockdowns (day 0). Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table A2
Impact of lockdown and school re-openings on gender production by tenure, only academics
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW: | ±60 | ±90 | −90,+120 | −90,+150 | −90,+180 | −90,+210 | −90,+240 |
| Tenured: | |||||||
| F | −11.0577*** (1.2349) | −11.1159*** (1.0417) | −11.1159*** (1.0418) | −11.1159*** (1.0420) | −11.1159*** (1.0327) | −11.1159*** (1.0360) | −11.1159*** (1.0336) |
| F*L | −4.8370** (1.7077) | −3.9748** (1.4059) | −3.2610* (1.3348) | −2.7236* (1.2768) | −1.8506 (1.2313) | −1.1733 (1.2129) | −0.5515 (1.1933) |
| SO | −21.9452*** (2.2113) | −15.5738*** (1.3029) | −14.8460*** (1.0740) | −13.1898*** (0.9032) | −11.2039*** (0.7956) | −9.5284*** (0.7150) | −8.2193*** (0.6579) |
| F*SO | 7.4712* (3.5829) | 8.4323*** (2.1524) | 8.5301*** (1.8386) | 8.0742*** (1.5936) | 7.6896*** (1.4634) | 7.1690*** (1.3842) | 6.7433*** (1.3259) |
| Obs. | 237 | 364 | 441 | 543 | 635 | 730 | 819 |
| R2 | 0.5939 | 0.5735 | 0.5639 | 0.5507 | 0.5223 | 0.4864 | 0.4608 |
| F | −2.7872*** (0.6356) | −2.8167*** (0.5170) | −2.8167*** (0.5046) | −2.8167*** (0.4965) | −2.8167*** (0.4783) | −2.8167*** (0.4775) | −2.8167*** (0.4721) |
| F*L | −2.3914** (0.8722) | −1.8232** (0.6837) | −1.6260* (0.6384) | −1.2837* (0.6027) | −0.9420+ (0.5660) | −0.6592 (0.5561) | −0.4086 (0.5436) |
| SO | −8.3581*** (1.2751) | −5.8054*** (0.6990) | −4.8132*** (0.5488) | −4.5461*** (0.4382) | −3.8981*** (0.3766) | −3.3293*** (0.3404) | −2.8135*** (0.3073) |
| F*SO | 3.0761+ (1.7055) | 2.3025* (0.9790) | 1.8481* (0.8353) | 1.7402* (0.7392) | 1.6482* (0.6640) | 1.7420** (0.6301) | 1.7088** (0.5966) |
| Obs. | 219 | 334 | 401 | 493 | 575 | 652 | 734 |
| R2 | 0.3786 | 0.4108 | 0.4084 | 0.4112 | 0.4006 | 0.3590 | 0.3388 |
| Days FE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Notes: Difference-in-Differences estimates on the aggregate number of authors by tenure, considering only economist with typical academic job positions, based on different bandwidths, measured in days, around the timing of lockdowns (day 0). Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Statistical significance denoted as follows:
Table B1
Economics working papers summary statistics
| Mean | SD | min. | Max. | Obs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All observations: | |||||
| Tot. authors | 2.596 | 1.195 | 1 | 16 | 4,235 |
| No. of downloads | 38.209 | 129.07 | 0 | 4,659 | 4,235 |
| No. of views | 334.953 | 467.683 | 61 | 14,047 | 4,203 |
| No. of pages | 47.513 | 21.338 | 1 | 316 | 4,201 |
| Female author | 0.448 | 0.497 | 0 | 1 | 4,235 |
| Tot. no. of female | 0.629 | 0.851 | 0 | 8 | 4,235 |
| Intensity female | 0.231 | 0.306 | 0 | 1 | 4,235 |
| At least one female author: | |||||
| Tot. authors | 3.011 | 1.294 | 1 | 16 | 1,896 |
| No. of downloads | 35.776 | 135.188 | 0 | 4,659 | 1,896 |
| No. of views | 319.142 | 451.648 | 61 | 14,047 | 1,882 |
| No. of pages | 48.087 | 21.163 | 1 | 316 | 1,881 |
| Tot. no. of female | 1.406 | 0.726 | 1 | 8 | 1,896 |
| Intensity female | 0.517 | 0.247 | 0.125 | 1 | 1,896 |
| Only male authors: | |||||
| Tot. authors | 2.26 | 0.988 | 1 | 7 | 2,339 |
| No. of downloads | 40.18 | 123.883 | 0 | 3,126 | 2,339 |
| No. of views | 347.773 | 480.007 | 65 | 9,376 | 2,321 |
| No. of pages | 47.048 | 21.473 | 4 | 212 | 2,320 |
[i] Notes: Sample period goes from January to December 2019.
Figure B1
Number of working papers by month in 2019.
Figure B2
Distribution of authors by gender and country of affiliation in 2019.
Figure B3
Distribution of authors by gender and position in 2019.
Figure B4
Distribution of authors by gender and tenure in 2019.
Figure B5
Aggregate number of papers by gender in 2019.
Notes: Sample period goes from January to November 17, 2019. Lockdown and school reopening dates are brought forward by one year.
Figure B6
Average no. of authors by period, gender and tenure in 2019.
Notes: Sample period goes from January to November 17, 2019. Lockdown and school re-opening dates are brought forward by one year.