Ethnic Segregation and Immigrants’ Labor Market Outcomes: The Role of Education

[i] Notes: The isolation index is inflated by 1000. We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level. The values of F-statistic in column 1 are for the joint effect of all the individual characteristics that are included in the regressions. The values of F-statistic in column 2 are for the joint effect of all the interaction terms. We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. The sample size becomes slightly smaller since singleton observations are dropped.

[ii] Significance is defined as follows: ^***p<0.01; ^**p<0.05; ^*p<0.10.

Notes: We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. We control for MSA-specific time trends, MSA-specific group effects, and group-specific time trends in all regressions. Characteristic controls include age, gender, marital status, children in the household, black, Asian, and Hispanic dummy variables. The values of F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and the interaction term between isolation index and group average education. We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. The sample size becomes slightly smaller since singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. To center the variables, we replace ISO_gmt, ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}$ , and S_igmt by ${\mathit{ISO}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\mathit{ISO}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\overline{S}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , and $S_{\mathit{igmt}}-{\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gt}}$ , respectively. $\mathit{ISO}\times \overline{S}H\times S$ is equal to $\mathit{ISO}\times \overline{S}\times S\hspace{0.17em}\text{if}\hspace{0.17em}\overline{S}$ is greater than its MSA-year mean, and 0 otherwise. Similarly, $\mathit{ISO}\times \overline{S}L\times S$ is equal to $\mathit{ISO}\times \overline{S}\times S\hspace{0.17em}\text{if}\hspace{0.17em}\overline{S}$ is lower than its MSA-year mean, and 0 otherwise. The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for $\overline{S}\times S$ . Control variables include age, male dummy, whether married, whether have children in the household, black, Asian, Hispanic, group average education (centered), and immigrants’ own education (centered). We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. The sample size becomes slightly smaller since singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: To center the variables, we replace ISO_gmt, ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}$ , and S_igmt by ${\mathit{ISO}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\mathit{ISO}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\overline{S}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , and $S_{\mathit{igmt}}-{\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gt}}$ , respectively. Control variables include age, male dummy, whether married, whether have children in the household, black, Asian, Hispanic, group average education (centered), and immigrants’ own education (centered). The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for $\overline{S}\times S$ . We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10

Notes: The isolation index is inflated by 1000. We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level. The values of F-statistic in column 1 are for the joint effect of all the individual characteristics that are included in the regressions. The values of F-statistic in column 2 are for the joint effect of all the interaction terms. We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. The sample size becomes slightly smaller since singleton observations are dropped.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: To center the variables, we replace ISO_gmt, ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}$ , and S_igmt by ${\mathit{ISO}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\mathit{ISO}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\overline{S}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , and $S_{\mathit{igmt}}-{\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gt}}$ , respectively. The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for $\overline{S}\times S$ . Control variables include age, male dummy, whether married, whether have children in the household, black, Asian, Hispanic, group average education (centered), and immigrants’ own education (centered). We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. Therefore, singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. We control for MSA-specific time trends, MSA-specific group effects, and group-specific time trends in all regressions. Characteristic controls include age, gender, marital status, children in the household, black, Asian, and Hispanic dummy variables. The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and the interaction term between isolation index and group average education. We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. Therefore, singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. To center the variables, we replace ISO_gmt, ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}$ , and S_igmt by ${\mathit{ISO}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\mathit{ISO}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\overline{S}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ and $S_{\mathit{igmt}}-{\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gt}}$ , respectively. $\mathit{ISO}\times \overline{S}H\times S$ is equal to $\mathit{ISO}\times \overline{S}\times S\hspace{0.17em}\text{if}\hspace{0.17em}\overline{S}$ is greater than its MSA-year mean, and 0 otherwise. Similarly, $\mathit{ISO}\times \overline{S}L\times S$ is equal to $\mathit{ISO}\times \overline{S}\times S\hspace{0.17em}\text{if}\hspace{0.17em}\overline{S}$ is lower than its MSA-year mean, and 0 otherwise. The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for $\overline{S}\times S$ . Control variables include age, male dummy, whether married, whether have children in the household, black, Asian, Hispanic, group average education (centered), and immigrants’ own education (centered). We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. Therefore, singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: The sample used for robustness test is restricted to immigrants who arrived at the U.S. after age 21 or 23. To center the variables, we replace ISO_gmt, ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}$ , and S_igmt by ${\mathit{ISO}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\mathit{ISO}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\overline{S}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , and $S_{\mathit{igmt}}-{\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gt}}$ , respectively. Control variables include age, male dummy, whether married, whether have children in the household, black, Asian, Hispanic, group average education (centered), and immigrants’ own education (centered). The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for $\overline{S}\times S$ . We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. Therefore, singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: To center the variables, we replace ISO_gmt, ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}$ , and S_igmt by ${\mathit{ISO}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\mathit{ISO}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\overline{S}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , and $S_{\mathit{igmt}}-{\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gt}}$ , respectively. The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for $\overline{S}\times S$ . Control variables include age, male dummy, whether married, whether have children in the household, black, Asian, Hispanic, group average education (centered), and immigrants’ own education (centered). We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. Therefore, singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.01.

Notes: We control for MSA and country of origin fixed effects in the OLS model. All the control variables are the same as models in Cutler et al. (2008). The instrumental variable used for IV estimation is mean years of ethnic group g in MSA s since immigration. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: Sample is restricted to immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. MSA and country of origin fixed effects are included in all the regressions. The isolation index is inflated by 1000. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level. The F-statistic is for the joint effect of all the individual characteristics that are included in the regressions.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: The isolation index is inflated by 1000. The sample is restricted to immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level. The values of F-statistic in column 1 and 3 are for the joint effect of all the individual characteristics that are included in the regressions. The values of F-statistic in column 2 and 4 are for the joint effect of all the interaction terms. We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. Therefore, singleton observations are dropped in the triple differences model.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: To center the variables, we replace ISO_gmt, ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}$ , and S_igmt by ${\mathit{ISO}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\mathit{ISO}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , ${\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gmt}}-{\overline{\overline{S}}}_{\mathit{mt}}$ , and $S_{\mathit{igmt}}-{\overline{S}}_{\mathit{gt}}$ , respectively. The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for $\overline{S}\times S$ . We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. Therefore, singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. The omitted category is high school dropouts. We control for MSA-specific time trends, MSA-specific group effects, and group-specific time trends in all regressions. Characteristic controls include age, gender, marital status, children in the household, black, Asian, and Hispanic dummy variables. The values of F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and the interaction term between isolation index and group average education. We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. The sample size becomes slightly smaller since singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. The omitted category is high school dropouts. The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for the interactions between individual education levels and average education levels. Control variables include age, male dummy, whether married, whether have children in the household, black, Asian, Hispanic, group average education (centered), and immigrants’ own education (centered). We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. The sample size becomes slightly smaller since singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. The omitted category is high school dropouts. We control for MSA-specific time trends, MSA-specific group effects, and group-specific time trends in all regressions. Characteristic controls include age, gender, marital status, children in the household, black, Asian, and Hispanic dummy variables. The values of F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and the interaction term between isolation index and group average education. We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. The sample size becomes slightly smaller since singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.

Notes: We use the sample of immigrants who are from age group 20–30 and arrived at the U.S. after age 17 or later. The omitted category is high school dropouts. The values of the F-statistic are for the joint effect of the isolation index and all the interaction terms, except for the interactions between individual education levels and average education levels. Control variables include age, male dummy, whether married, whether have children in the household, black, Asian, Hispanic, group average education (centered), and immigrants’ own education (centered). We use STATA command reghdfe (high dimensional fixed effects) to estimate the parameters. The sample size becomes slightly smaller since singleton observations are dropped. Figures in parentheses are standard errors robust to clustering at the MSA by country of origin level.

Significance is defined as follows:

*** p<0.01;

** p<0.05;

* p<0.10.