Table 1
Field-of-study homogamy (FSH) by prime CIP codes (weighted)
| Wife’s major | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
| Husband’s major | Normalized by husband’s major | |||||||||||
| Education | 1 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
| Arts | 2 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.28 |
| Humanities | 3 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 1.00 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.25 |
| Law | 4 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
| Business | 5 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
| Science | 6 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.26 |
| Math/Comp. | 7 | 0.25 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.61 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.30 |
| Engineering | 8 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.66 | 0.44 | 0.70 | 0.79 |
| Agriculture | 9 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.36 | 0.21 |
| Health | 10 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 1.00 | 0.25 |
| Services | 11 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.63 | 1.00 |
| Normalized by wife’s major | ||||||||||||
| Education | 1 | 1.00 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.10 |
| Arts | 2 | 0.37 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
| Humanities | 3 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 1.00 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.18 |
| Law | 4 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.09 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| Business | 5 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.97 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Science | 6 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.59 | 0.42 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.19 |
| Math/Comp. | 7 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.48 | 1.00 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.22 |
| Engineering | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 1.00 | 0.16 | 0.68 | 1.00 |
| Agriculture | 9 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 0.26 |
| Health | 10 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 1.00 | 0.17 |
| Services | 11 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.68 |
[i] Notes: The sample used in this table contains all working spouses, regardless of whether they have children with or without an identified CIP code. Because of the very few observations, the table does not report “Others” classified under CIP code 12. The details of majors are as follows: (1) Education, (2) Visual and performing arts, and communication technologies, (3) Humanities, (4) Social and behavioral sciences and law, (5) Business, management and public administration, (6) Physical and life sciences and technologies, (7) Mathematics, computer and information sciences, (8) Architecture, engineering, and related technologies, (9) Agriculture, and natural sources and conservation, (10) Health and related fields, and (11) Personal, protective, and transportation services.
Table 2
Field-of-study homogamy (FSH) by prime CIP codes (weighted)
| Son’s major | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father’s major | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
| Education | 1 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 0.63 |
| Arts | 2 | 0.32 | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.38 |
| Humanities | 3 | 0.60 | 0.72 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.48 |
| Law | 4 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.53 |
| Business | 5 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 1.00 | 0.61 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.43 |
| Science | 6 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 0.63 | 0.35 |
| Math/Comp. | 7 | 0.64 | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.63 | 0.73 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.54 |
| Engineering | 8 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.21 |
| Agriculture | 9 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.26 | 0.51 |
| Health | 10 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.84 | 0.59 |
| Services | 11 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 1.00 |
| Mother’s major | ||||||||||||
| Education | 1 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0.85 | 0.46 |
| Arts | 2 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.15 |
| Humanities | 3 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.46 |
| Law | 4 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.69 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.47 |
| Business | 5 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.38 |
| Science | 6 | 0.72 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.57 |
| Math/Comp. | 7 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.05 |
| Engineering | 8 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.25 |
| Agriculture | 9 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 0.42 |
| Health | 10 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.84 | 0.57 | 1.00 | 0.96 |
| Services | 11 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.60 |
[i] Notes: See the notes to Table 1 for the full description of majors.
Table 3
Distribution of fathers and mothers by NFOR and 12 prime CIP codes (% and weighted)
| Father | Mother | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NFOR | Major’s | NFOR | Major’s | ||||
| Majors | 1.0–0.8 | 0.8–0.0 | share | 1.0–0.8 | 0.8–0.0 | share | |
| Education | 1 | 57.32 | 42.68 | 7.41 | 56.80 | 43.20 | 8.74 |
| Arts | 2 | 28.50 | 71.50 | 3.44 | 28.33 | 71.67 | 3.55 |
| Humanities | 3 | 11.03 | 88.97 | 4.86 | 10.05 | 89.95 | 5.16 |
| Law | 4 | 23.89 | 76.11 | 9.62 | 23.51 | 76.49 | 11.15 |
| Business | 5 | 16.34 | 83.66 | 20.02 | 14.98 | 85.02 | 22.94 |
| Science | 6 | 26.53 | 73.47 | 3.33 | 26.28 | 73.72 | 3.21 |
| Math/Comp. | 7 | 32.11 | 67.89 | 3.61 | 29.01 | 70.99 | 3.27 |
| Engineering | 8 | 42.99 | 57.01 | 26.26 | 42.10 | 57.90 | 16.79 |
| Agriculture | 9 | 25.39 | 74.61 | 2.93 | 23.51 | 76.49 | 2.55 |
| Health | 10 | 36.15 | 63.85 | 11.91 | 33.22 | 66.78 | 16.08 |
| Services | 11 | 36.91 | 63.09 | 6.61 | 34.58 | 65.42 | 6.58 |
| Total | 32.15 | 67.85 | 29.62 | 70.38 | |||
[i] Notes: (1) See the notes to Table 1 for the full description of majors. (2) The sample used in this table contains all working spouses, regardless of whether they have children with or without an identified CIP code.
Table 4
Average FSA by NFOR based on 41 major CIP codes (weighted)
| NFORC | Father–son | Mother–son | Father–daughter | Mother–daughter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F = 1, M = 1 | 0.466 | 0.534 | 0.525 | 0.445 |
| F = 1, M = 2 | 0.469 | 0.515 | 0.527 | 0.425 |
| F = 2, M = 1 | 0.418 | 0.535 | 0.502 | 0.443 |
| F = 2, M = 2 | 0.417 | 0.517 | 0.492 | 0.428 |
Table 5
Intergenerational transmission of field of study with 41 major CIP codes
| 1 | 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FSA–Son | FSA–Daughter | FSA–Son | FSA–Son | |||||
| Father | Mother | Father | Mother | Father | Mother | Father | Mother | |
| FSH = 1 (if same major) | 0.055 | 0.002 | 0.025 | 0.015 | ||||
| 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.062 | |||||
| NFSHM | 0.050 | 0.051 | ||||||
| 0.006 | 0.005 | |||||||
| NFSHF | 0.100 | 0.038 | ||||||
| 0.003 | 0.002 | |||||||
| FORCF= 1 | −0.044 | −0.027 | ||||||
| 0.002 | 0.001 | |||||||
| FORCM= 1 | −0.020 | −0.016 | ||||||
| 0.001 | 0.003 | |||||||
| EDH | 0.046 | 0.027 | 0.018 | 0.025 | 0.040 | 0.045 | 0.025 | 0.026 |
| 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.002 | |
| Household income 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.007 | −0.002 | 0.005 | 0.001 | |
| 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.004 | |
| Constant | 0.347 | 0.529 | 0.464 | 0.434 | 0.390 | 0.615 | 0.464 | 0.434 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Number of Obs. | 23,748 | 23,748 | 22,254 | 22,254 | 21,101 | 20,016 | 20,195 | 19,159 |
[i] Notes: (1) Dependent variables are indicated in each column’s heading. (2) Standard errors reported under the coefficients are adjusted by using the two-way clustering method (Cameron et al., 2011) at the individual and household levels. (3) EDH reflects education-degree homogamy and is a continuous variable normalized between 0 and 1. HH Income is the annual disposable income for the household. Other variables that are not reported in the table control for household size, first spoken official language, whether the family is in rural area, and provincial fixed effects. (4) We also ran the regressions with and without the parental age variables. The results are insensitive to the inclusion of parental age variables. (5) When we control for field-of-study fixed effects, the results do not change significantly.
Table 6
Transmission of field of study by within-family specification with 41 major CIP codes
| (FSAM,S) − (FSAF,S) | (FSAM,D) − (FSAF,D) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| (NFSHF) – (NFSHM) | 0.153 | −0.014 | ||
| 0.002 | 0.012 | |||
| DFORC | ||||
| 1 | Base | Base | ||
| 2 | −0.033 | −0.027 | ||
| 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
| 3 | 0.035 | 0.163 | ||
| 0.001 | 0.068 | |||
| NFSHM | −0.101 | −0.005 | ||
| 0.001 | 0.023 | |||
| NFSHF | 0.162 | −0.021 | ||
| 0.001 | 0.018 | |||
| FORCM= 1 | −0.016 | −0.016 | ||
| 0.001 | 0.071 | |||
| FORCF= 1 | 0.051 | 0.029 | ||
| 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
| Constant | 0.069 | 0.026 | −0.076 | −0.070 |
| 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Number of Obs. | 21,018 | 21,018 | 19,942 | 19,942 |
[i] Notes: (1) Dependent variables are indicated in each column’s heading. (2) Standard errors reported under the coefficients are adjusted by using the two-way clustering method (Cameron et al., 2011) at the individual and household levels.
Table 7
Within-family specification for STEM parents with 41 major CIP codes
| (FSAMS) − (FSAFS) | (FSAMD) − (FSAFD) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef. | Std. err. | Coef. | Std. err | |||
| NFSHM | −0.079 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.370 | ||
| NFSHF | 0.161 | 0.001 | −0.020 | 0.019 | ||
| STEM | −0.151 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.176 | ||
| STEM × NFSHM | −0.042 | 0.101 | −0.037 | 0.306 | ||
| STEM × NFSHF | −0.037 | 0.098 | −0.103 | 0.423 | ||
| FORCM= 1 | −0.017 | 0.001 | −0.016 | 0.004 | ||
| FORCF= 1 | 0.042 | 0.002 | 0.027 | 0.001 | ||
| Constant | 0.027 | 0.003 | −0.073 | 0.003 | ||
| Number of Obs. | 21,018 | 19,942 | ||||
[i] Notes: (1) Dependent variables are indicated in each column’s heading. (2) Standard errors are adjusted by using the two-way clustering method (Cameron et al., 2011) at the individual and household levels. Coef. = coefficient; Std. err. = standard error.