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OLS models of log hourly wages, main effects
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave (first wave omitted) | |||||
| Feb. 2021 | –0.145* (0.065) | 0.057 (0.044) | |||
| April 2021 | –0.274*** (0.061) | –0.085* (0.042) | |||
| June 2021 | 0.151*** (0.036) | 0.069 (0.062) | –0.052 (0.043) | 0.003 (0.040) | |
| Aug. 2021 | 0.131*** (0.037) | 0.172 (0.271) | |||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | |||||
| Non-wage | –0.284 (0.172) | –0.375*** (0.111) | 2.985* (1.163) | –0.241* (0.104) | –0.084 (0.259) |
| Formal private wage | –0.241*** (0.042) | –0.247*** (0.059) | 0.195 (0.424) | –0.088 (0.046) | –0.235*** (0.062) |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | –0.299*** (0.053) | –0.451*** (0.086) | –0.652 (0.456) | –0.150* (0.069) | –0.255*** (0.063) |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | –0.159* (0.065) | –0.401*** (0.064) | –0.084 (0.382) | –0.169** (0.055) | –0.021 (0.067) |
| Unemployed | –0.379** (0.140) | –0.647*** (0.122) | 1.117 (1.129) | –0.374*** (0.105) | 1.340* (0.577) |
| Out of LF | –0.499*** (0.121) | –0.274 (0.164) | 1.662 (1.862) | –0.665*** (0.085) | –0.248 (0.209) |
| Industry (services omitted) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.107 (0.065) | 0.176** (0.060) | –0.323 (0.356) | –0.134** (0.045) | 0.073 (0.057) |
| Construction | –0.029 (0.063) | 0.158* (0.069) | 0.510 (0.519) | –0.170** (0.060) | 0.078 (0.066) |
| Trade/retail | –0.082 (0.053) | 0.464*** (0.092) | 0.939* (0.430) | –0.237*** (0.066) | –0.037 (0.071) |
| Accommodations/food | –0.156* (0.073) | 0.099 (0.080) | 0.881 (0.583) | –0.214** (0.076) | –0.037 (0.087) |
| Sex (male omitted) | |||||
| Female | 0.198*** (0.040) | –0.016 (0.054) | –0.102 (0.343) | –0.043 (0.037) | 0.254*** (0.061) |
| Age group (years, 18–29 omitted) | |||||
| 30–49 | 0.127*** (0.034) | 0.029 (0.049) | 0.548 (0.301) | –0.086* (0.039) | 0.171*** (0.052) |
| 50–64 | 0.206** (0.067) | –0.018 (0.064) | 1.247* (0.495) | –0.019 (0.051) | 0.379*** (0.069) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | |||||
| Secondary | 0.024 (0.042) | 0.216** (0.070) | –0.905 (0.473) | 0.225*** (0.042) | 0.094 (0.052) |
| Higher education | 0.434*** (0.039) | 0.494*** (0.080) | –0.021 (0.507) | 0.502*** (0.046) | 0.176** (0.060) |
| Feb. 2020 wage quartile (first quartile omitted) | |||||
| Second | 0.132** (0.046) | 0.479*** (0.070) | 0.484 (0.439) | 0.130** (0.048) | 0.388*** (0.061) |
| Third | 0.446*** (0.047) | 0.529*** (0.070) | 0.884 (0.484) | 0.317*** (0.049) | 0.551*** (0.062) |
| Fourth | 0.710*** (0.051) | 0.946*** (0.066) | 1.453** (0.474) | 0.837*** (0.056) | 0.874*** (0.068) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.319** (0.104) | 0.468*** (0.086) | –0.975 (1.051) | 0.439*** (0.060) | 0.462*** (0.099) |
| N | 2,052 | 1,415 | 148 | 2,353 | 1,238 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.368 | 0.326 | 0.295 | 0.369 | 0.256 |
Descriptive statistics on outcomes and covariates
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | |||||
| Labor market status (at wave) (percentage) | |||||
| Employed | 40.1 | 48.8 | 45.7 | 54.1 | 53.3 |
| Unemployed | 27.4 | 22.7 | 32.7 | 25.3 | 20.8 |
| Out of labor force | 32.6 | 28.5 | 21.6 | 20.6 | 25.9 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Hours/week (mean) | 42.6 | 42.7 | 30.3 | 39.6 | 41.9 |
| Ln (hourly wage) (mean) | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.41 | –0.17 |
| Covariates (percentages) | |||||
| Wave | |||||
| Nov. 2020 | 24.7 | 24.6 | |||
| Feb. 2021 | 33.4 | 24.7 | 25.5 | 49.9 | |
| April 2021 | 25.9 | 54.5 | 25.3 | ||
| June 2021 | 32.8 | 24.7 | 24.7 | 50.1 | |
| Aug. 2021 | 33.7 | 45.5 | |||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 51.0 | 62.4 | 58.6 | 54.0 | 55.5 |
| Female | 49.0 | 37.6 | 41.4 | 46.0 | 44.5 |
| Age group (years) | |||||
| 18–29 | 34.1 | 31.2 | 48.5 | 27.7 | 33.5 |
| 30–49 | 47.7 | 47.7 | 40.1 | 49.0 | 49.3 |
| 50–64 | 18.3 | 21.1 | 11.4 | 23.3 | 17.3 |
| Education level | |||||
| Basic or less | 46.2 | 85.9 | 42.1 | 66.2 | 34.3 |
| Secondary | 21.3 | 8.7 | 33.2 | 16.5 | 41.8 |
| Higher education | 32.5 | 5.4 | 24.8 | 17.3 | 23.9 |
| Feb. 2020 detailed labor market status | |||||
| Non-wage | 5.2 | 24.2 | 34.1 | 11.9 | 10.6 |
| Public wage | 15.4 | 8.1 | 6.5 | 14.5 | 14.8 |
| Formal private wage | 9.1 | 8.4 | 1.7 | 9.7 | 7.5 |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | 6.0 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 11.2 |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | 4.2 | 11.5 | 3.7 | 10.6 | 10.1 |
| Unemployed | 8.4 | 14.6 | 15.5 | 9.4 | 4.3 |
| Out of LF | 51.8 | 30.2 | 37.2 | 40.6 | 41.4 |
| Feb. 2020 industry (Feb. 2020 employed only) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 8.8 | 29.9 | 35.6 | 29.9 | 26.3 |
| Construction | 10.4 | 14.1 | 9.2 | 13.2 | 15.9 |
| Trade/retail | 18.0 | 14.1 | 22.8 | 13.2 | 13.9 |
| Accommodations/food | 5.7 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 5.3 | 6.5 |
| Services | 57.1 | 34.0 | 30.3 | 38.3 | 37.4 |
| Feb. 2020 household income quartile (approximate) | |||||
| First | 24.9 | 45.6 | 14.7 | 23.1 | 33.3 |
| Second | 34.1 | 22.9 | 18.2 | 20.4 | 26.1 |
| Third | 19.2 | 5.3 | 19.5 | 23.7 | 21.8 |
| Fourth | 16.4 | 2.0 | 31.9 | 17.3 | 9.9 |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 5.4 | 24.2 | 15.7 | 15.5 | 8.9 |
| Feb. 2020 wage quartile (Feb. 2020 wage workers only) | |||||
| First | 24.6 | 28.4 | 23.4 | 22.4 | 22.2 |
| Second | 23.1 | 16.0 | 23.1 | 19.4 | 22.5 |
| Third | 23.2 | 15.4 | 20.3 | 21.0 | 23.8 |
| Fourth | 23.1 | 18.8 | 19.5 | 20.3 | 19.0 |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 5.9 | 21.4 | 13.7 | 16.9 | 12.5 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| N (Observations) | 7,625 | 8,120 | 4,401 | 8,143 | 4,007 |
Tobit model of hours of work per week, main effects
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave (first wave omitted) | |||||
| Feb. 2021 | 4.250*** (1.206) | –2.017* (0.959) | |||
| April 2021 | 3.332** (1.167) | 0.697 (0.953) | |||
| June 2021 | –2.021* (0.977) | –0.911 (1.205) | 0.279 (0.959) | –0.091 (1.030) | |
| Aug. 2021 | –2.600** (0.965) | –4.060** (1.284) | |||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | |||||
| Non-wage | –3.347* (1.694) | 5.293*** (1.467) | 5.912* (2.825) | 0.956 (1.276) | –3.872* (1.928) |
| Formal private wage | 6.076*** (1.248) | 4.332** (1.584) | 2.971 (6.269) | 0.947 (1.184) | 5.785** (1.868) |
| Informal private wage in an establishment | 4.299** (1.531) | 7.912*** (2.218) | 37.905*** (5.046) | –3.118 (1.744) | 3.138 (1.845) |
| Informal private wage outside an establishment | –2.280 (1.751) | 4.119* (1.615) | 4.766 (3.457) | –4.140** (1.339) | –3.829* (1.936) |
| Unemployed | 2.342 (1.863) | –1.426 (1.801) | –4.107 (3.222) | –8.497*** (1.475) | –10.381* (4.347) |
| OLF | –6.410*** (1.484) | –11.331*** (1.949) | –8.406** (3.072) | –8.542*** (1.192) | –5.756** (2.225) |
| Industry (services omitted) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | –1.019 (1.763) | –9.069*** (1.220) | –7.248** (2.312) | 2.811* (1.098) | –1.380 (1.548) |
| Construction | –10.276*** (1.655) | –8.007*** (1.473) | 2.507 (3.178) | –3.870** (1.387) | –5.229** (1.783) |
| Trade/retail | 2.898* (1.410) | –4.117** (1.523) | –5.388* (2.607) | –0.831 (1.378) | 6.465*** (1.873) |
| Accommodations/food | 5.383* (2.094) | –0.952 (1.839) | –4.896 (6.003) | 0.042 (1.814) | 6.745** (2.535) |
| Sex (male omitted) | |||||
| Female | –12.386*** (1.066) | –6.673*** (1.155) | –8.841*** (1.687) | –4.997*** (0.806) | –10.617*** (1.510) |
| Age group (years, 18–29 omitted) | |||||
| 30–49 | –4.140*** (0.899) | –2.230* (0.997) | –3.187* (1.396) | –1.968* (0.826) | –4.490*** (1.293) |
| 50–64 | –4.019* (1.627) | –1.028 (1.228) | 6.485** (2.178) | –6.767*** (1.048) | –10.287*** (1.763) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | |||||
| Secondary | 3.627** (1.141) | –1.288 (1.608) | –5.577*** (1.568) | –1.810* (0.909) | 1.344 (1.305) |
| Higher education | –5.181*** (1.071) | –4.395* (1.970) | –5.425** (1.736) | –5.469*** (1.028) | –1.389 (1.564) |
| Feb. 2020 income (first quartile omitted) | |||||
| Second | 7.048*** (1.288) | 1.421 (1.005) | –3.225 (2.161) | 4.259*** (1.134) | 2.082 (1.500) |
| Third | 4.100** (1.455) | 2.154 (1.781) | –2.150 (2.078) | 7.603*** (1.113) | 4.800** (1.530) |
| Fourth | 6.279*** (1.537) | –2.452 (2.783) | 5.969** (2.042) | 6.966*** (1.234) | 5.395** (1.936) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 11.446*** (2.498) | –0.063 (1.186) | 4.318 (2.497) | 6.793*** (1.325) | –1.132 (2.394) |
| N | 3,182 | 3,849 | 1,484 | 4,590 | 2,148 |
| Pseudo R2 | .0164 | .00503 | .0168 | .0088 | .0118 |
Predicted outcomes by wave and country, pooled model
| Prob. Emp. | Prob. Unemp. | Prob. OLF | Hours/week | Ln (hourly wage) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jordan # Feb. 2021 | 0.370 (0.010) | 0.260 (0.009) | 0.369 (0.010) | 44.497 (0.778) | 1.012 (0.034) |
| Jordan # June 2021 | 0.406 (0.010) | 0.270 (0.009) | 0.324 (0.009) | 42.167 (0.749) | 1.139 (0.031) |
| Jordan # Aug. 2021 | 0.426 (0.010) | 0.290 (0.009) | 0.284 (0.009) | 41.410 (0.727) | 1.137 (0.031) |
| Morocco # Nov. 2020 | 0.428 (0.011) | 0.233 (0.009) | 0.339 (0.011) | 41.777 (0.852) | 0.603 (0.052) |
| Morocco # Feb. 2021 | 0.489 (0.011) | 0.230 (0.009) | 0.281 (0.010) | 45.364 (0.783) | 0.457 (0.048) |
| Morocco # April 2021 | 0.546 (0.011) | 0.205 (0.009) | 0.249 (0.009) | 43.780 (0.709) | 0.357 (0.040) |
| Morocco # June 2021 | 0.487 (0.011) | 0.239 (0.010) | 0.273 (0.010) | 39.472 (0.762) | 0.740 (0.042) |
| Sudan # April 2021 | 0.443 (0.010) | 0.335 (0.010) | 0.222 (0.008) | 31.176 (0.789) | 0.793 (0.138) |
| Sudan # Aug. 2021 | 0.473 (0.011) | 0.318 (0.010) | 0.209 (0.009) | 29.430 (0.819) | 0.773 (0.094) |
| Tunisia # Nov. 2020 | 0.502 (0.011) | 0.306 (0.010) | 0.192 (0.009) | 40.156 (0.777) | 0.452 (0.040) |
| Tunisia # Feb. 2021 | 0.542 (0.011) | 0.253 (0.010) | 0.205 (0.009) | 37.861 (0.742) | 0.484 (0.036) |
| Tunisia # April 2021 | 0.554 (0.011) | 0.231 (0.009) | 0.215 (0.009) | 40.828 (0.722) | 0.370 (0.034) |
| Tunisia # June 2021 | 0.565 (0.011) | 0.222 (0.009) | 0.213 (0.009) | 39.573 (0.728) | 0.361 (0.035) |
| Egypt # Feb. 2021 | 0.521 (0.011) | 0.211 (0.009) | 0.268 (0.010) | 42.028 (0.752) | –0.187 (0.034) |
| Egypt # June 2021 | 0.544 (0.011) | 0.205 (0.009) | 0.251 (0.010) | 41.773 (0.745) | –0.151 (0.034) |
| N (Obs.) | 32,296 | 32,296 | 32,296 | 15,253 | 7,206 |
Tobit model of hours of work per week, model including wave interactions
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave (first wave omitted) | |||||
| Feb. 2021 | –5.312 (4.954) | –3.148 (4.522) | |||
| April 2021 | 2.702 (4.550) | 7.710 (4.362) | |||
| June 2021 | –5.621 (4.017) | –2.676 (4.961) | 5.693 (4.386) | 3.315 (4.710) | |
| Aug. 2021 | –6.129 (3.939) | –7.752 (6.989) | |||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | |||||
| Non-wage | –13.658*** (2.897) | 7.368* (3.284) | 0.474 (3.925) | –1.615 (2.510) | 0.578 (2.716) |
| Formal private wage | –1.439 (2.148) | 11.340** (3.642) | –3.890 (10.232) | –2.662 (2.367) | 3.378 (2.657) |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.974 (2.683) | 14.963*** (4.542) | 15.121 (8.579) | 2.007 (3.518) | 5.499* (2.581) |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | –7.792** (2.975) | 12.665*** (3.662) | 8.123 (4.831) | –5.634* (2.703) | –1.715 (2.712) |
| Unemployed | –1.211 (3.315) | –9.418* (4.180) | –5.335 (4.151) | –12.795*** (3.117) | –0.379 (6.424) |
| Out of LF | –9.857*** (2.924) | 6.924 (5.313) | –8.501* (3.903) | –2.573 (2.514) | –3.644 (3.319) |
| Industry (services omitted) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.378 (3.135) | –16.213*** (2.605) | 1.645 (3.281) | 4.052 (2.151) | –2.892 (2.219) |
| Construction | –11.212*** (2.919) | –13.619*** (3.038) | 10.244* (4.213) | –2.588 (2.799) | –6.269* (2.432) |
| Trade/retail | 3.346 (2.394) | –19.427*** (3.025) | 9.241* (3.732) | –2.044 (2.753) | 7.843** (2.593) |
| Accommodations/food | 10.612** (3.675) | –7.936* (3.833) | –6.163 (7.360) | 6.075 (3.887) | 13.325*** (3.449) |
| Sex (male omitted) | |||||
| Female | –13.902*** (1.909) | 0.903 (2.708) | –10.250*** (2.306) | –9.457*** (1.742) | –15.752*** (2.205) |
| Age group (18–29 omitted) | |||||
| 30–49 | –2.772 (1.593) | –3.019 (2.095) | –2.064 (1.947) | 2.767 (1.740) | –3.355 (1.815) |
| 50–64 | –4.884 (2.912) | –3.491 (2.579) | 3.766 (2.842) | 3.789 (2.200) | –10.736*** (2.441) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | |||||
| Secondary | 3.338 (2.050) | 1.378 (3.395) | –5.671** (2.129) | 3.192 (1.884) | 0.570 (1.820) |
| Higher education | –4.322* (1.969) | –14.167** (4.865) | –7.686*** (2.329) | –3.062 (2.063) | –1.594 (2.193) |
| Feb. 2020 income (first quartile omitted) | |||||
| Second | 9.618*** (2.321) | –0.343 (2.229) | –8.688** (2.799) | 0.527 (2.649) | 2.538 (2.084) |
| Third | 2.089 (2.600) | –5.847 (4.364) | –4.758 (2.686) | 7.159** (2.544) | 5.446* (2.155) |
| Fourth | 7.184** (2.708) | –4.084 (10.879) | 3.733 (2.771) | 4.111 (2.832) | 7.417** (2.800) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 10.895** (4.090) | –2.507 (2.407) | 5.575 (3.230) | 4.447 (2.417) | 5.217 (3.386) |
| Wave and Feb. 2020 labor market status int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Non-wage | 0.124 (4.498) | 7.006* (3.495) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Formal private wage | –4.069 (4.863) | 3.185 (3.316) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | –4.293 (6.201) | –0.058 (5.062) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | –2.705 (5.028) | 2.332 (3.738) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Unemployed | 15.112** (5.633) | 13.039** (4.231) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Out of LF | –19.231** (6.762) | –0.940 (3.533) | |||
| April 2021 # Non-wage | –3.083 (4.201) | 0.337 (3.576) | |||
| April 2021 # Formal private wage | –9.110* (4.625) | 2.524 (3.298) | |||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | –8.787 (6.210) | –12.922** (4.908) | |||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | –12.005** (4.592) | 0.774 (3.737) | |||
| April 2021 # Unemployed | 5.352 (5.104) | 2.544 (4.336) | |||
| April 2021 # Out of LF | –20.483*** (6.166) | –8.729* (3.432) | |||
| June 2021 # Non-wage | 16.084*** (4.134) | –3.703 (4.375) | 2.706 (3.648) | –8.927* (3.827) | |
| June 2021 # Formal private wage | 12.522*** (3.028) | –13.440** (4.807) | 9.314** (3.381) | 4.968 (3.703) | |
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 6.095 (3.675) | –15.718* (6.719) | –3.453 (4.807) | –4.688 (3.661) | |
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 12.222** (4.285) | –17.199*** (4.842) | 4.410 (3.871) | –4.166 (3.844) | |
| June 2021 # Unemployed | 5.422 (4.801) | 11.992* (5.607) | 0.844 (4.176) | –18.222* (8.642) | |
| June 2021 # Out of LF | 5.248 (3.816) | –21.912*** (6.461) | –10.797** (3.349) | –3.918 (4.442) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Non-wage | 15.800*** (4.103) | 4.803 (5.720) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Formal private wage | 9.979** (3.050) | 4.468 (12.979) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 3.803 (3.830) | 27.511* (10.826) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 5.089 (4.211) | –11.352 (6.992) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Unemployed | 4.122 (4.427) | 1.278 (6.456) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Out of LF | 4.807 (3.786) | 1.104 (6.204) | |||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 industry int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 9.584** (3.535) | 1.196 (3.034) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Construction | 5.527 (4.216) | –3.857 (3.910) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Trade/retail | 24.395*** (4.266) | 2.695 (3.827) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 5.391 (5.329) | –6.222 (5.264) | |||
| April 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 7.577* (3.437) | 0.258 (3.035) | |||
| April 2021 # Construction | 5.718 (4.266) | 3.453 (3.836) | |||
| April 2021 # Trade/retail | 14.316*** (4.151) | 0.691 (3.832) | |||
| April 2021 # Accommodations/food | 2.373 (5.304) | –8.583 (5.145) | |||
| June 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.416 (4.401) | 8.347* (3.584) | –8.119** (3.127) | 2.987 (3.066) | |
| June 2021 # Construction | 1.518 (4.091) | 10.684** (4.139) | –5.881 (3.973) | 2.398 (3.539) | |
| June 2021 # Trade/retail | 0.690 (3.398) | 23.278*** (4.372) | 2.010 (3.954) | –3.366 (3.712) | |
| June 2021 # Accommodations/food | –7.011 (5.091) | 15.423** (5.302) | –7.730 (5.314) | –14.113** (5.032) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | –4.617 (4.289) | –13.328** (4.575) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Construction | –0.615 (4.010) | –15.114* (6.524) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Trade/retail | –2.137 (3.442) | –26.947*** (5.249) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Accommodations/food | –8.352 (5.139) | 10.352 (12.382) | |||
| Wave and sex int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Female | –2.650 (3.650) | 5.040* (2.364) | |||
| April 2021 # Female | –6.637* (3.353) | 6.104** (2.351) | |||
| June 2021 # Female | 0.856 (2.653) | –14.262*** (3.519) | 4.731* (2.307) | 9.804** (3.001) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Female | 3.503 (2.602) | 1.183 (3.363) | |||
| Wave and age int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # 30–49 | 2.371 (2.890) | –5.523* (2.403) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # 50–64 | 5.888 (3.485) | –15.580*** (3.056) | |||
| April 2021 # 30–49 | 2.451 (2.770) | –7.057** (2.338) | |||
| April 2021 # 50–64 | 1.303 (3.477) | –13.699*** (2.970) | |||
| June 2021 # 30–49 | –2.371 (2.211) | –2.776 (2.954) | –4.945* (2.383) | –2.242 (2.565) | |
| June 2021 # 50–64 | –4.651 (4.057) | 0.154 (3.644) | –10.993*** (2.989) | 0.579 (3.513) | |
| Aug. 2021 # 30–49 | –1.989 (2.203) | 0.471 (2.817) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # 50–64 | 5.306 (3.951) | 5.472 (4.447) | |||
| Wave and educ. int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Secondary | –1.512 (4.682) | –6.012* (2.632) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Higher education | 10.570 (6.453) | –3.504 (2.939) | |||
| April 2021 # Secondary | –3.702 (4.478) | –5.065* (2.553) | |||
| April 2021 # Higher education | 3.854 (6.078) | –1.307 (2.870) | |||
| June 2021 # Secondary | 4.189 (2.866) | –7.445 (4.729) | –7.566** (2.576) | 1.422 (2.588) | |
| June 2021 # Higher education | –1.352 (2.720) | 14.366* (6.003) | –4.069 (2.866) | –0.205 (3.105) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Secondary | –2.726 (2.763) | 0.982 (3.136) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Higher education | –0.959 (2.613) | 4.246 (3.479) | |||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 income int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Second | 1.038 (3.025) | 5.640 (3.442) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Third | 11.301* (5.759) | 4.480 (3.413) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Fourth | –4.460 (12.299) | 8.419* (3.767) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.139 (3.326) | 4.183 (3.804) | |||
| April 2021 # Second | –2.214 (2.852) | 2.415 (3.437) | |||
| April 2021 # Third | 10.096 (5.436) | –1.928 (3.299) | |||
| April 2021 # Fourth | –2.945 (12.066) | 0.653 (3.665) | |||
| April 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 3.324 (3.332) | 2.967 (3.931) | |||
| June 2021 # Second | –4.829 (3.228) | 8.106** (3.029) | 6.920* (3.377) | –0.615 (2.975) | |
| June 2021 # Third | 3.286 (3.669) | 8.283 (5.412) | –0.018 (3.258) | –0.324 (3.040) | |
| June 2021 # Fourth | –2.492 (3.821) | 11.746 (11.771) | 1.933 (3.625) | –3.205 (3.850) | |
| June 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | –1.512 (6.362) | 6.634 (3.486) | 4.312 (3.885) | –11.614* (4.745) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Second | –1.989 (3.147) | 16.392*** (4.389) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Third | 2.937 (3.513) | 7.342 (4.214) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Fourth | 0.746 (3.731) | 6.988 (4.156) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 4.859 (5.849) | –4.091 (5.073) | |||
| Constant | 47.683*** (2.890) | 47.582*** (3.688) | 39.858*** (4.390) | 38.147*** (3.266) | 43.726*** (3.348) |
| N (Obs.) | 3,182 | 3,849 | 1,484 | 4,590 | 2,148 |
| Pseudo R-sq. | 0.019 | 0.010 | 0.023 | 0.012 | 0.014 |
Relative risk ratios from multinomial logit models for labor market status, main effects
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | |
| Wave (first wave omitted) | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 | 0.769** (0.068) | 0.546*** (0.054) | 0.773** (0.074) | 1.105 (0.129) | ||||||
| April 2021 | 0.604*** (0.054) | 0.419*** (0.042) | 0.667*** (0.065) | 1.077 (0.125) | ||||||
| June 2021 | 0.780** (0.073) | 0.612*** (0.061) | 0.807* (0.072) | 0.575*** (0.057) | 0.610*** (0.060) | 0.979 (0.114) | 0.828 (0.088) | 0.767* (0.088) | ||
| Aug. 2021 | 0.758** (0.070) | 0.463*** (0.046) | 0.852* (0.064) | 0.882 (0.077) | ||||||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | ||||||||||
| Non-wage | 7.103*** (1.819) | 4.352*** (1.227) | 2.589*** (0.431) | 1.393 (0.263) | 1.977*** (0.362) | 0.484*** (0.101) | 2.723*** (0.585) | 2.799** (0.898) | 4.665*** (1.533) | 2.206 (0.915) |
| Formal private wage | 5.424*** (1.243) | 1.660* (0.424) | 1.758** (0.328) | 0.620* (0.150) | 6.105*** (1.874) | 0.778 (0.439) | 2.351*** (0.501) | 1.446 (0.485) | 4.695*** (1.595) | 2.189 (0.956) |
| Informal private wage in an establishment | 9.777*** (2.299) | 1.773 (0.553) | 2.379*** (0.525) | 0.670 (0.225) | 0.731 (0.258) | 0.217** (0.108) | 3.839*** (0.931) | 1.417 (0.686) | 7.298*** (2.236) | 2.737** (1.039) |
| Informal private wage outside an establishment | 10.736*** (2.688) | 1.869 (0.665) | 3.026*** (0.517) | 1.907*** (0.372) | 0.661 (0.173) | 0.147*** (0.062) | 4.284*** (0.899) | 2.517** (0.845) | 6.473*** (2.069) | 3.931*** (1.519) |
| Unemployed | 54.708*** (12.047) | 17.370*** (3.531) | 12.748*** (2.137) | 7.703*** (1.456) | 1.680** (0.303) | 0.978 (0.203) | 19.826*** (3.678) | 4.495*** (1.178) | 125.942*** (42.860) | 22.199*** (9.027) |
| OLF | 103.298*** (21.187) | 71.571*** (12.496) | 11.898*** (2.025) | 45.723*** (8.204) | 1.433* (0.247) | 1.565* (0.297) | 28.960*** (5.043) | 56.765*** (11.953) | 54.734*** (15.277) | 94.505*** (25.714) |
| Industry (services omitted) | ||||||||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 2.017*** (0.386) | 0.468 (0.188) | 1.239 (0.139) | 1.883*** (0.284) | 0.271*** (0.042) | 0.869 (0.181) | 1.132 (0.185) | 0.428** (0.121) | 1.013 (0.236) | 0.721 (0.245) |
| Construction | 1.584* (0.312) | 0.527 (0.181) | 1.271 (0.172) | 1.547* (0.300) | 0.511*** (0.103) | 0.782 (0.262) | 1.827** (0.342) | 0.629 (0.230) | 2.664*** (0.631) | 1.292 (0.494) |
| Trade/retail | 1.240 (0.206) | 0.519* (0.143) | 1.148 (0.156) | 1.565* (0.285) | 0.732* (0.112) | 1.866** (0.394) | 1.945*** (0.361) | 0.400* (0.156) | 1.016 (0.277) | 1.182 (0.443) |
| Accommodations/food | 1.906** (0.429) | 0.899 (0.358) | 1.571** (0.248) | 2.435*** (0.471) | 1.308 (0.450) | 0.506 (0.419) | 1.318 (0.320) | 0.712 (0.328) | 2.455** (0.708) | 0.970 (0.505) |
| Sex (male omitted) | ||||||||||
| Female | 2.683*** (0.241) | 4.363*** (0.415) | 2.568*** (0.197) | 4.125*** (0.339) | 2.234*** (0.202) | 3.408*** (0.359) | 2.910*** (0.219) | 3.775*** (0.349) | 4.988*** (0.659) | 6.643*** (0.926) |
| Age group (years, 18–29 omitted) | ||||||||||
| 30–49 | 1.028 (0.087) | 1.129 (0.106) | 0.666*** (0.048) | 0.996 (0.086) | 1.071 (0.088) | 0.843 (0.083) | 0.797** (0.064) | 0.823 (0.084) | 1.341* (0.166) | 1.136 (0.154) |
| 50–64 | 2.159*** (0.274) | 5.609*** (0.725) | 0.572*** (0.055) | 1.766*** (0.177) | 0.987 (0.134) | 1.751*** (0.255) | 1.063 (0.108) | 2.598*** (0.297) | 1.534* (0.277) | 3.328*** (0.587) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | 1.022 (0.107) | 0.803* (0.089) | 0.836 (0.103) | 1.084 (0.139) | 1.161 (0.106) | 0.851 (0.089) | 0.997 (0.096) | 0.914 (0.104) | 1.106 (0.142) | 0.687** (0.094) |
| Higher education | 1.078 (0.109) | 0.435*** (0.048) | 0.654** (0.104) | 0.650* (0.113) | 0.932 (0.093) | 0.468*** (0.057) | 1.697*** (0.191) | 1.193 (0.158) | 0.824 (0.134) | 0.454*** (0.078) |
| Feb. 2020 income (first quartile omitted) | ||||||||||
| Second | 0.873 (0.088) | 0.911 (0.099) | 0.844* (0.069) | 0.946 (0.090) | 0.807 (0.102) | 1.371* (0.221) | 0.505*** (0.049) | 0.779* (0.090) | 0.723* (0.102) | 1.271 (0.191) |
| Third | 0.785 (0.098) | 1.170 (0.159) | 0.658* (0.110) | 0.793 (0.152) | 0.592*** (0.076) | 1.433* (0.225) | 0.440*** (0.044) | 0.783* (0.094) | 0.674* (0.108) | 1.145 (0.203) |
| Fourth | 0.628*** (0.086) | 1.197 (0.177) | 0.990 (0.239) | 0.985 (0.273) | 0.857 (0.102) | 1.840*** (0.275) | 0.170*** (0.023) | 0.533*** (0.077) | 0.809 (0.176) | 1.562 (0.371) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.976 (0.181) | 1.557* (0.302) | 1.038 (0.084) | 1.410*** (0.123) | 0.920 (0.124) | 2.591*** (0.413) | 0.658*** (0.074) | 1.251 (0.165) | 1.473 (0.295) | 2.426*** (0.510) |
| N | 7,625 | 8,120 | 4,401 | 8,143 | 4,007 | |||||
| Pseudo R-sq. | 0.338 | 0.257 | 0.096 | 0.325 | 0.381 | |||||
Variables, categories, and original questions and responses
| Categories | Full Question | Full Responses | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | |||||
| Labor Market Status | Employed | In the past 7 days, did you spend at least 1 h working? Please consider day labor, work for wages or in-kind, and working on your own account or your own business, including an agricultural business (farm). | Yes | Employed if yes | |
| Were you attached to a job in the past 7 days but were temporarily absent from it? | Yes | Employed if yes | |||
| In the past 7 days, were you wanting, willing, and available to work? | Yes | Only asked if not employed. | |||
| Hours/week | In the past 7 days, how many hours did you work? | ||||
| Ln (hourly wage) | In the past month, what was your personal net monthly wage (including overtime, bonuses)? | Monthly wages transformed into hourly terms using hours per week reported from individuals who worked ≥1 h in the 7 days preceding the interview. Translated into US dollars based on exchange rates on January 1, 2021. Used in log form in models. | |||
| Covariates | |||||
| Wave | “Wave 1” 11/20 | Categorized into a month based on the majority of fielding for that wave. | |||
| February 2020 labor market status | Non-wage workers | What was your main job/activity as of the end of February 2020 (before the 19-COVID Pandemic)? | Wage worker for private sector/NGO | Recoded farmer, business owner/self-employed, unpaid family worker on a farm, unpaid family worker (but not farmer) as non-wage worker. Wage worker for private sector/NGO with social insurance recoded as formal private wage | |
| As of end of February 2020 (before the 19-COVID pandemic), did you have social insurance? | Yes | ||||
| As of end of February 2020 (before the 19-COVID pandemic), did you work inside an establishment? | Yes | ||||
| Industry | Manufacturing and agriculture | Which activity best describes your main job/activity as of the end of February 2020? | Agriculture, fishing or mining | Only asked of wage workers. | |
| What was your main job/activity as of the end of February 2020 (before the COVID-19 pandemic)? | Wage worker for private sector/NGO | ||||
| Education level | Basic or less | What is the highest level of education you have completed? | Less than basic | Less than basic and basic recoded at basic or less | |
| Sex | Male | ||||
| Age group (years) | 18–29 | What is your age, in years? | Age integer recoded into categories | ||
| February 2020 household income quartiles | First | In February 2020 (before the 19-COVID pandemic), what was your household's total monthly income (from all sources and including your income)? | Categories were country-specific, roughly quartiles, given in local currency. | ||
| February 2020 wage quartile | First | In February 2020 (before the 19-COVID Pandemic), what was your personal net monthly wage (including overtime, bonuses)? | Continuous responses were recoded into country-specific wage quartiles. | ||
OLS models of log hourly wages, models with wave interactions
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave (first wave omitted) | |||||
| Feb. 2021 | –0.486* (0.230) | 0.099 (0.184) | |||
| April 2021 | –0.544** (0.198) | –0.158 (0.170) | |||
| June 2021 | 0.306* (0.122) | –0.110 (0.221) | –0.436* (0.171) | 0.125 (0.181) | |
| Aug. 2021 | 0.405** (0.124) | 1.528 (1.336) | |||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | |||||
| Non-wage | –0.227 (0.252) | –0.071 (0.201) | 4.598*** (1.319) | –0.368 (0.195) | –0.004 (0.274) |
| Formal private wage | –0.042 (0.071) | –0.539*** (0.129) | –0.583 (0.624) | 0.214* (0.089) | –0.157 (0.088) |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | –0.304*** (0.090) | –0.604*** (0.161) | –2.403*** (0.661) | –0.164 (0.140) | –0.283** (0.087) |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | –0.093 (0.101) | –0.745*** (0.139) | –0.882 (0.658) | 0.027 (0.112) | –0.037 (0.092) |
| Unemployed | 0.074 (0.209) | –0.600** (0.219) | 2.140 (1.241) | 0.143 (0.181) | 1.455* (0.585) |
| Out of LF | –0.392* (0.184) | –0.078 (0.281) | 2.958 (1.797) | –0.386* (0.152) | –0.143 (0.228) |
| Industry (services omitted) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.088 (0.125) | 0.566*** (0.142) | 1.246 (0.631) | –0.300*** (0.084) | 0.058 (0.081) |
| Construction | 0.193 (0.102) | 0.217 (0.139) | –0.319 (2.319) | –0.639*** (0.128) | 0.072 (0.087) |
| Trade/retail | –0.064 (0.088) | 0.653*** (0.186) | 1.161* (0.571) | –0.247 (0.144) | –0.094 (0.101) |
| Accommodations/food | –0.350** (0.136) | –0.063 (0.181) | 0.567 (0.903) | –0.596*** (0.165) | –0.218 (0.121) |
| Sex (male omitted) | |||||
| Female | 0.133 (0.072) | –0.152 (0.133) | 0.717 (0.569) | 0.062 (0.088) | 0.335*** (0.095) |
| Age group (years, 18–29 omitted) | |||||
| 30–49 | 0.234*** (0.060) | –0.040 (0.111) | –0.600 (0.643) | –0.215* (0.089) | 0.211** (0.072) |
| 50–64 | 0.179 (0.125) | –0.230 (0.136) | 0.129 (0.801) | –0.353** (0.112) | 0.453*** (0.092) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | |||||
| Secondary | 0.109 (0.076) | 0.020 (0.149) | 0.980 (0.906) | –0.064 (0.093) | 0.166* (0.073) |
| Higher education | 0.428*** (0.073) | 0.722*** (0.213) | 2.252* (0.909) | 0.143 (0.109) | 0.187* (0.085) |
| Feb. 2020 wage quartile (first quartile omitted) | |||||
| Second | 0.136 (0.077) | 0.334* (0.133) | 0.922 (0.900) | 0.294** (0.097) | 0.317*** (0.085) |
| Third | 0.375*** (0.080) | 0.690*** (0.171) | 1.430 (0.852) | 0.383*** (0.095) | 0.561*** (0.086) |
| Fourth | 0.753*** (0.087) | 1.063*** (0.133) | 1.018 (0.846) | 1.277*** (0.114) | 0.861*** (0.097) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.720*** (0.196) | 0.188 (0.356) | 3.022 (1.998) | 0.158 (0.186) | 0.557*** (0.146) |
| Wave and Feb. 2020 labor market status int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Non-wage | –0.012 (0.294) | –0.151 (0.265) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Formal private wage | 0.431* (0.183) | –0.418** (0.130) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.162 (0.245) | –0.271 (0.201) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 0.398 (0.210) | –0.527*** (0.155) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Unemployed | 0.312 (0.325) | –1.140*** (0.272) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Out of LF | –0.817 (0.660) | –0.586** (0.216) | |||
| April 2021 # Non-wage | –0.818** (0.282) | 0.336 (0.267) | |||
| April 2021 # Formal private wage | 0.435* (0.170) | –0.431*** (0.127) | |||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.035 (0.227) | 0.132 (0.194) | |||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 0.354* (0.180) | –0.273 (0.154) | |||
| April 2021 # Unemployed | –0.577 (0.306) | –0.410 (0.252) | |||
| April 2021 # Out of LF | –0.590 (0.369) | –0.206 (0.210) | |||
| June 2021 # Non-wage | 0.225 (0.363) | ||||
| June 2021 # Formal private wage | –0.317** (0.100) | 0.259 (0.184) | –0.394** (0.131) | –0.181 (0.124) | |
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | –0.080 (0.127) | 0.182 (0.291) | 0.125 (0.191) | 0.041 (0.126) | |
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | –0.146 (0.151) | 0.409* (0.194) | –0.023 (0.159) | 0.014 (0.136) | |
| June 2021 # Unemployed | –0.680* (0.300) | ||||
| June 2021 # Out of LF | 0.000 (0.266) | ||||
| Aug. 2021 # Formal private wage | –0.257* (0.102) | 1.311 (0.903) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.056 (0.132) | 3.723*** (0.935) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | –0.073 (0.161) | 1.598 (0.833) | |||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 industry int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | –0.428* (0.184) | 0.050 (0.122) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Construction | –0.200 (0.217) | 0.620*** (0.173) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Trade/retail | –0.422 (0.262) | 0.001 (0.188) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.549* (0.249) | 0.411 (0.219) | |||
| April 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | –0.715*** (0.180) | 0.274* (0.122) | |||
| April 2021 # Construction | –0.195 (0.200) | 0.502** (0.171) | |||
| April 2021 # Trade/retail | –0.225 (0.259) | 0.092 (0.191) | |||
| April 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.141 (0.239) | 0.669** (0.217) | |||
| June 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | –0.008 (0.168) | –0.206 (0.189) | 0.419*** (0.124) | 0.036 (0.113) | |
| June 2021 # Construction | –0.402** (0.152) | 0.008 (0.191) | 0.702*** (0.175) | 0.015 (0.134) | |
| June 2021 # Trade/retail | 0.009 (0.126) | –0.186 (0.260) | 0.077 (0.199) | 0.121 (0.143) | |
| June 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.267 (0.181) | 0.096 (0.250) | 0.498* (0.228) | 0.383* (0.175) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.043 (0.162) | –2.494** (0.818) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Construction | –0.295* (0.150) | 0.950 (2.401) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Trade/retail | –0.098 (0.131) | –0.371 (0.845) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.309 (0.182) | –1.245 (1.331) | |||
| Wave and sex int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Female | 0.344 (0.189) | –0.081 (0.116) | |||
| April 2021 # Female | 0.143 (0.160) | –0.241* (0.111) | |||
| June 2021 # Female | 0.147 (0.098) | –0.059 (0.177) | 0.013 (0.112) | –0.166 (0.125) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Female | 0.049 (0.099) | –0.392 (0.718) | |||
| Wave and age int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # 30–49 | 0.166 (0.152) | 0.147 (0.119) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # 50–64 | 0.063 (0.201) | 0.390* (0.155) | |||
| April 2021 # 30–49 | 0.063 (0.148) | 0.135 (0.114) | |||
| April 2021 # 50–64 | 0.167 (0.185) | 0.419** (0.144) | |||
| June 2021 # 30–49 | –0.053 (0.083) | –0.027 (0.146) | 0.303* (0.119) | –0.089 (0.104) | |
| June 2021 # 50–64 | 0.291 (0.172) | 0.447* (0.184) | 0.504*** (0.152) | –0.158 (0.139) | |
| Aug. 2021 # 30–49 | –0.269** (0.084) | 2.261** (0.747) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # 50–64 | –0.135 (0.163) | 2.494* (1.032) | |||
| Wave and educ. int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Secondary | 0.377 (0.199) | 0.300* (0.127) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Higher education | –0.300 (0.278) | 0.450** (0.145) | |||
| April 2021 # Secondary | 0.157 (0.198) | 0.277* (0.120) | |||
| April 2021 # Higher education | –0.112 (0.261) | 0.445** (0.138) | |||
| June 2021 # Secondary | –0.245* (0.106) | 0.117 (0.223) | 0.462*** (0.124) | –0.146 (0.105) | |
| June 2021 # Higher education | 0.084 (0.098) | –0.378 (0.257) | 0.442** (0.138) | –0.003 (0.120) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Secondary | –0.013 (0.103) | –3.257** (1.050) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Higher education | –0.073 (0.097) | –4.093*** (1.091) | |||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 wage int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Second | 0.357 (0.217) | –0.026 (0.140) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Third | –0.311 (0.225) | –0.115 (0.141) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Fourth | –0.113 (0.192) | –0.651*** (0.161) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.052 (0.396) | 0.365 (0.216) | |||
| April 2021 # Second | 0.341 (0.186) | –0.207 (0.135) | |||
| April 2021 # Third | –0.013 (0.215) | 0.004 (0.133) | |||
| April 2021 # Fourth | –0.087 (0.186) | –0.647*** (0.155) | |||
| April 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.778* (0.388) | 0.240 (0.215) | |||
| June 2021 # Second | –0.096 (0.110) | 0.062 (0.205) | –0.333* (0.134) | 0.137 (0.123) | |
| June 2021 # Third | 0.002 (0.113) | –0.333 (0.224) | –0.062 (0.134) | –0.042 (0.124) | |
| June 2021 # Fourth | –0.082 (0.125) | –0.085 (0.196) | –0.392* (0.158) | 0.007 (0.138) | |
| June 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | –0.456 (0.264) | 0.201 (0.394) | 0.111 (0.221) | –0.210 (0.200) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Second | 0.038 (0.112) | 0.305 (1.030) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Third | 0.166 (0.116) | 0.128 (1.061) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Fourth | –0.075 (0.124) | 0.746 (1.053) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | –0.749** (0.257) | –4.700* (2.302) | |||
| Constant | 0.359*** (0.089) | 0.448** (0.151) | –1.435 (1.163) | 0.258* (0.122) | –0.900*** (0.125) |
| N (Obs.) | 2,052 | 1,415 | 148 | 2,353 | 1,238 |
| R2 | 0.400 | 0.382 | 0.520 | 0.413 | 0.269 |
Relative risk ratios from multinomial logit models for labor market status, including wave interactions
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | |
| Wave (first wave omitted) | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 | 0.396* (0.164) | 0.586 (0.290) | 2.060 (1.089) | 0.392 (0.308) | ||||||
| April 2021 | 0.099*** (0.050) | 0.043*** (0.028) | 0.277* (0.178) | 0.370 (0.274) | ||||||
| June 2021 | 0.468 (0.258) | 0.253* (0.146) | 0.002* (0.005) | 0.254* (0.146) | 0.249* (0.168) | 0.894 (0.602) | 0.218* (0.159) | 0.649 (0.451) | ||
| Aug. 2021 | 0.457 (0.280) | 0.474 (0.236) | 0.583 (0.254) | 0.108*** (0.063) | ||||||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | ||||||||||
| Non-wage | 5.270*** (2.307) | 3.220** (1.459) | 0.925 (0.258) | 0.907 (0.334) | 0.999 (0.253) | 0.352*** (0.099) | 1.197 (0.426) | 1.083 (0.797) | 1.671 (0.734) | 1.642 (1.054) |
| Formal private wage | 5.725*** (2.169) | 1.319 (0.526) | 0.563 (0.194) | 0.627 (0.275) | 1.661 (0.955) | 0.789 (0.542) | 1.843 (0.609) | 0.260 (0.296) | 2.341 (1.063) | 0.738 (0.716) |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | 8.222*** (3.279) | 1.372 (0.691) | 1.693 (0.553) | 0.328 (0.221) | 2.582 (1.281) | 0.000 (0.000) | 4.097*** (1.607) | 0.449 (0.677) | 3.466** (1.366) | 3.534* (1.951) |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | 8.854*** (3.695) | 1.803 (0.924) | 1.289 (0.367) | 1.326 (0.501) | 0.567 (0.196) | 0.162*** (0.079) | 2.583** (0.877) | 2.277 (1.550) | 4.355*** (1.755) | 6.300*** (3.471) |
| Unemployed | 53.827*** (20.207) | 15.770*** (5.159) | 3.451*** (0.978) | 5.785*** (1.981) | 1.960** (0.448) | 0.403*** (0.106) | 24.176*** (7.215) | 2.238 (1.322) | 92.868*** (41.317) | 9.382** (7.168) |
| Out of LF | 133.747*** (47.061) | 93.179*** (26.151) | 6.694*** (2.168) | 53.653*** (19.090) | 1.438 (0.315) | 0.667 (0.155) | 28.442*** (7.789) | 60.612*** (22.574) | 41.318*** (14.239) | 143.351*** (60.104) |
| Industry (services omitted) | ||||||||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 1.366 (0.497) | 0.512 (0.321) | 1.747** (0.358) | 1.500 (0.421) | 0.846 (0.187) | 0.706 (0.198) | 0.980 (0.289) | 0.593 (0.383) | 1.206 (0.399) | 0.490 (0.262) |
| Construction | 1.791 (0.609) | 0.395 (0.251) | 1.333 (0.331) | 1.042 (0.382) | 1.101 (0.299) | 0.725 (0.302) | 1.392 (0.491) | 0.234 (0.268) | 1.969 (0.689) | 1.173 (0.628) |
| Trade/retail | 1.359 (0.373) | 0.622 (0.261) | 0.520* (0.152) | 0.194** (0.110) | 1.248 (0.293) | 1.494 (0.440) | 3.042*** (0.971) | 0.562 (0.503) | 1.163 (0.459) | 1.254 (0.680) |
| Accommodations/food | 2.221* (0.810) | 1.762 (0.902) | 0.879 (0.275) | 0.851 (0.351) | 0.307 (0.240) | 0.344 (0.298) | 2.204 (0.912) | 0.352 (0.591) | 2.845* (1.159) | 2.316 (1.378) |
| Sex (male omitted) | ||||||||||
| Female | 2.125*** (0.353) | 3.621*** (0.616) | 2.961*** (0.499) | 4.492*** (0.808) | 2.229*** (0.278) | 4.258*** (0.632) | 1.801*** (0.265) | 2.337*** (0.440) | 4.927*** (0.962) | 6.137*** (1.278) |
| Age group (18–29 omitted) | ||||||||||
| 30–49 | 0.864 (0.131) | 1.084 (0.179) | 0.728* (0.103) | 1.099 (0.193) | 1.070 (0.118) | 0.692** (0.092) | 1.202 (0.194) | 1.108 (0.237) | 1.448* (0.266) | 1.089 (0.218) |
| 50–64 | 1.768* (0.416) | 3.878*** (0.923) | 0.534** (0.104) | 1.907** (0.401) | 0.889 (0.150) | 0.755 (0.153) | 1.515* (0.312) | 2.397*** (0.595) | 1.203 (0.319) | 2.805*** (0.722) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | 0.884 (0.171) | 0.767 (0.154) | 0.577* (0.148) | 0.660 (0.184) | 0.785* (0.097) | 0.713* (0.099) | 0.941 (0.176) | 0.972 (0.227) | 1.459* (0.277) | 0.749 (0.153) |
| Higher education | 1.053 (0.198) | 0.434*** (0.086) | 0.651 (0.226) | 0.572 (0.218) | 0.894 (0.118) | 0.323*** (0.054) | 1.566* (0.326) | 1.744* (0.457) | 0.705 (0.170) | 0.405*** (0.103) |
| Feb. 2020 income (first quartile omitted) | ||||||||||
| Second | 0.856 (0.160) | 0.803 (0.158) | 0.549*** (0.095) | 0.556** (0.118) | 0.834 (0.131) | 1.906** (0.410) | 0.714 (0.158) | 0.727 (0.204) | 0.572** (0.117) | 0.878 (0.193) |
| Third | 0.678 (0.158) | 1.045 (0.257) | 0.459* (0.176) | 0.242** (0.130) | 0.614** (0.100) | 2.007*** (0.420) | 0.383*** (0.089) | 0.551* (0.158) | 0.588* (0.139) | 0.976 (0.259) |
| Fourth | 0.561* (0.142) | 1.112 (0.292) | 2.040 (1.351) | 1.114 (1.050) | 0.884 (0.138) | 3.134*** (0.637) | 0.309*** (0.090) | 0.704 (0.236) | 0.756 (0.244) | 1.467 (0.518) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.623 (0.201) | 0.945 (0.314) | 0.978 (0.150) | 1.100 (0.189) | 0.922 (0.155) | 3.879*** (0.826) | 0.728 (0.142) | 0.782 (0.185) | 1.496 (0.456) | 3.007*** (0.964) |
| Wave and Feb. 2020 labor market status int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Non-wage | 1.071 (0.442) | 0.556 (0.271) | 2.211 (1.222) | 2.273 (2.454) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Formal private wage | 0.942 (0.471) | 0.473 (0.285) | 1.256 (0.665) | 11.406 (15.546) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.384 (0.218) | 0.331 (0.368) | 0.689 (0.441) | 6.153 (11.197) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 1.067 (0.472) | 0.900 (0.455) | 1.480 (0.792) | 0.851 (0.934) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Unemployed | 2.315* (0.977) | 0.318* (0.163) | 0.454 (0.211) | 3.755 (3.216) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Out of LF | 1.066 (0.489) | 0.387 (0.191) | 0.730 (0.316) | 2.021 (1.339) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Non-wage | 6.568*** (3.360) | 14.799*** (9.519) | 2.487 (1.706) | 3.744 (3.695) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Formal private wage | 10.724*** (6.037) | 2.187 (1.828) | 0.552 (0.403) | 4.700 (6.420) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 1.465 (1.046) | 16.359** (16.014) | 1.099 (0.794) | 5.270 (9.118) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 4.216** (2.198) | 7.946** (5.232) | 1.683 (1.130) | 1.190 (1.154) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Unemployed | 7.593*** (3.871) | 3.504 (2.260) | 1.804 (1.053) | 6.021* (4.813) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Out of LF | 4.439** (2.354) | 3.586* (2.236) | 1.866 (1.025) | 1.270 (0.768) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Non-wage | 0.866 (0.535) | 3.641 (2.518) | 648.087* (2,127.191) | 1.342 (0.795) | 6.913** (4.870) | 4.463 (4.183) | 9.826** (7.193) | 1.970 (1.666) | ||
| June 2021 # Formal private wage | 0.754 (0.399) | 2.666 (1.733) | 592.198 (1,949.768) | 0.890 (0.645) | 3.755 (2.574) | 8.428 (10.717) | 5.237* (3.927) | 4.831 (5.328) | ||
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.713 (0.397) | 1.435 (1.213) | 131.888 (437.864) | 4.302 (4.157) | 1.786 (1.381) | 1.653 (3.122) | 6.206** (4.276) | 0.613 (0.478) | ||
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 0.909 (0.538) | 2.033 (1.748) | 471.054 (1,546.759) | 0.923 (0.568) | 5.469* (3.759) | 1.728 (1.578) | 2.889 (2.066) | 0.440 (0.351) | ||
| June 2021 # Unemployed | 1.239 (0.642) | 2.389 (1.314) | 1,041.680* (3,418.862) | 3.398* (1.906) | 1.260 (0.798) | 0.653 (0.538) | 2.959 (2.227) | 3.713 (3.437) | ||
| June 2021 # Out of LF | 0.537 (0.256) | 1.171 (0.568) | 222.157 (729.929) | 0.903 (0.504) | 1.774 (1.076) | 0.542 (0.293) | 2.734 (1.750) | 0.513 (0.286) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Non-wage | 2.986 (1.985) | 0.527 (0.408) | 3.506** (1.359) | 2.726* (1.254) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Formal private wage | 1.273 (0.776) | 0.918 (0.568) | 7.479** (5.406) | 0.299 (0.746) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 2.498 (1.547) | 1.539 (1.101) | 0.045** (0.043) | 4004994.921 (2.502e+09) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 2.219 (1.443) | 0.536 (0.512) | 1.278 (0.703) | 0.422 (0.487) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Unemployed | 1.046 (0.614) | 0.703 (0.328) | 0.694 (0.266) | 14.448*** (7.531) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Out of LF | 1.093 (0.608) | 0.489 (0.194) | 0.932 (0.339) | 14.694*** (7.186) | ||||||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 industry int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.873 (0.274) | 2.049 (0.845) | 0.803 (0.351) | 1.615 (1.434) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Construction | 1.169 (0.455) | 3.947** (2.002) | 1.023 (0.517) | 1.381 (2.350) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Trade/retail | 2.202 (0.939) | 18.794*** (12.425) | 0.484 (0.235) | 2.368 (2.747) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.399 (0.242) | 1.675 (1.011) | 0.528 (0.329) | 2.397 (4.921) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.518* (0.171) | 1.052 (0.436) | 2.354 (1.235) | 0.580 (0.524) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Construction | 1.277 (0.490) | 0.831 (0.478) | 3.559* (2.131) | 8.320 (10.714) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Trade/retail | 3.273** (1.299) | 3.384 (2.392) | 1.220 (0.700) | 0.991 (1.144) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Accommodations/food | 3.907** (1.715) | 5.653** (3.043) | 0.468 (0.380) | 6.838 (12.348) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 2.381 (1.177) | 1.078 (0.985) | 0.501* (0.163) | 1.329 (0.618) | 1.074 (0.471) | 0.362 (0.296) | 0.737 (0.348) | 1.996 (1.379) | ||
| June 2021 # Construction | 1.258 (0.607) | 2.157 (1.754) | 0.930 (0.351) | 0.886 (0.602) | 1.330 (0.676) | 1.391 (1.857) | 1.853 (0.894) | 1.080 (0.840) | ||
| June 2021 # Trade/retail | 0.953 (0.400) | 0.626 (0.413) | 3.448** (1.358) | 23.490*** (15.868) | 0.340* (0.176) | 0.084 (0.127) | 0.848 (0.467) | 0.927 (0.699) | ||
| June 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.660 (0.393) | 0.086 (0.141) | 3.504** (1.553) | 4.628* (2.799) | 0.508 (0.333) | 0.076 (0.240) | 0.712 (0.418) | 0.050 (0.086) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 1.321 (0.636) | 0.686 (0.733) | 0.078*** (0.027) | 2.274 (1.133) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Construction | 0.585 (0.285) | 0.683 (0.750) | 0.237** (0.105) | 1.278 (1.015) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Trade/retail | 0.819 (0.324) | 1.088 (0.745) | 0.397** (0.129) | 3.617** (1.789) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.905 (0.473) | 0.389 (0.382) | 12.453** (11.645) | 1.361 (4.889) | ||||||
| Wave and sex int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Female | 0.911 (0.212) | 1.015 (0.251) | 1.786** (0.377) | 1.845* (0.496) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Female | 0.688 (0.156) | 0.977 (0.242) | 3.133*** (0.698) | 2.357** (0.631) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Female | 1.744* (0.400) | 1.494 (0.360) | 1.327 (0.311) | 1.159 (0.289) | 1.435 (0.309) | 1.932* (0.512) | 1.089 (0.292) | 1.326 (0.379) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Female | 1.153 (0.256) | 1.205 (0.282) | 1.220 (0.232) | 0.676 (0.147) | ||||||
| Wave and age int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # 30–49 | 1.359 (0.286) | 1.205 (0.296) | 0.324*** (0.074) | 0.607 (0.182) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # 50–64 | 1.477 (0.397) | 0.576 (0.166) | 0.374*** (0.109) | 1.069 (0.366) | ||||||
| April 2021 # 30–49 | 0.744 (0.154) | 0.704 (0.176) | 0.666 (0.158) | 0.959 (0.286) | ||||||
| April 2021 # 50–64 | 1.252 (0.344) | 1.097 (0.324) | 0.683 (0.208) | 1.762 (0.599) | ||||||
| June 2021 # 30–49 | 1.587* (0.339) | 1.012 (0.238) | 0.656* (0.137) | 0.785 (0.201) | 0.900 (0.208) | 0.526* (0.154) | 0.853 (0.214) | 1.092 (0.300) | ||
| June 2021 # 50–64 | 1.353 (0.442) | 1.893 (0.623) | 0.526* (0.154) | 1.060 (0.322) | 0.940 (0.272) | 0.880 (0.290) | 1.570 (0.576) | 1.445 (0.518) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # 30–49 | 1.051 (0.218) | 1.115 (0.258) | 1.132 (0.197) | 1.761** (0.362) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # 50–64 | 1.271 (0.396) | 1.573 (0.504) | 1.560 (0.489) | 8.042*** (2.524) | ||||||
| Wave and educ. int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Secondary | 1.669 (0.600) | 1.729 (0.650) | 1.089 (0.294) | 1.243 (0.407) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Higher education | 1.491 (0.733) | 2.102 (1.076) | 1.081 (0.332) | 0.658 (0.251) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Secondary | 1.918 (0.695) | 2.250* (0.882) | 1.313 (0.369) | 0.908 (0.302) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Higher education | 1.613 (0.769) | 1.704 (0.896) | 1.619 (0.534) | 0.805 (0.310) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Secondary | 1.553 (0.417) | 1.288 (0.361) | 1.253 (0.451) | 1.548 (0.585) | 1.031 (0.282) | 0.789 (0.257) | 0.580* (0.151) | 0.860 (0.240) | ||
| June 2021 # Higher education | 1.031 (0.269) | 0.818 (0.230) | 0.794 (0.374) | 0.560 (0.302) | 0.977 (0.313) | 0.490 (0.181) | 1.316 (0.435) | 1.250 (0.438) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Secondary | 1.005 (0.260) | 0.881 (0.240) | 2.916*** (0.565) | 1.692* (0.373) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Higher education | 1.060 (0.265) | 1.180 (0.319) | 1.086 (0.232) | 2.039** (0.512) | ||||||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 income int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Second | 2.548*** (0.606) | 1.667 (0.477) | 0.444** (0.129) | 0.767 (0.277) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Third | 0.393 (0.281) | 2.785 (1.849) | 1.157 (0.350) | 1.343 (0.500) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Fourth | 0.072* (0.083) | 1.096 (1.165) | 0.424* (0.167) | 0.557 (0.246) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.666 (0.153) | 1.121 (0.273) | 0.457* (0.164) | 2.692* (1.063) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Second | 1.574 (0.374) | 2.785*** (0.787) | 0.623 (0.186) | 1.070 (0.384) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Third | 0.843 (0.455) | 6.786** (4.380) | 0.802 (0.254) | 0.992 (0.370) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Fourth | 0.482 (0.403) | 1.212 (1.347) | 0.489 (0.200) | 0.645 (0.286) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 1.306 (0.298) | 1.889* (0.475) | 0.721 (0.247) | 1.929 (0.732) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Second | 1.109 (0.287) | 1.099 (0.302) | 1.126 (0.283) | 1.629 (0.473) | 0.835 (0.239) | 1.552 (0.550) | 1.516 (0.434) | 1.983* (0.603) | ||
| June 2021 # Third | 1.381 (0.445) | 1.213 (0.417) | 3.781** (1.772) | 2.809 (1.835) | 1.404 (0.426) | 2.569** (0.939) | 1.313 (0.426) | 1.360 (0.488) | ||
| June 2021 # Fourth | 1.282 (0.448) | 0.950 (0.354) | 0.626 (0.481) | 0.512 (0.543) | 0.298** (0.133) | 1.105 (0.477) | 1.188 (0.524) | 1.253 (0.607) | ||
| June 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 2.773* (1.337) | 2.920* (1.455) | 1.600* (0.375) | 1.196 (0.311) | 1.763 (0.563) | 2.537* (0.970) | 0.995 (0.403) | 0.708 (0.303) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Second | 0.955 (0.238) | 1.325 (0.357) | 0.881 (0.246) | 0.462* (0.155) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Third | 1.104 (0.342) | 1.184 (0.396) | 0.829 (0.235) | 0.446* (0.147) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Fourth | 1.113 (0.377) | 1.329 (0.481) | 0.886 (0.232) | 0.350*** (0.110) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 1.520 (0.670) | 1.705 (0.787) | 1.154 (0.348) | 0.483* (0.164) | ||||||
| N (Obs.) | 7,625 | 7,625 | 8,120 | 8,120 | 4,401 | 4,401 | 8,143 | 8,143 | 4,007 | 4,007 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.344 | 0.344 | 0.288 | 0.288 | 0.130 | 0.130 | 0.343 | 0.343 | 0.391 | 0.391 |