Figure 1
Monthly average of stringency index by country, March 2020 to January 2022.
Source: Compiled by authors based on data from Hale et al. (2021).
Figure 2
Quarterly economic growth rates relative to a year earlier, 2020–2021 (%).
Sources: Ministry of Planning and Economic Development (2021) for Egypt, Department of Statistics (Jordan) (2021) for Jordan, Haut-Commissariat au Plan (2021) for Morocco, Institut National de la Statistique (INS) (2021) for Tunisia.
Notes: Economic growth is growth of value added at constant prices in 2021 (2020) relative to the same quartile in 2020 (2019). Quarterly economic growth data are not available for Sudan.
Figure 3
Predicted labor market status by wave and country, pooled model.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A3 in the Appendix. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Notes: Bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 4
Predicted labor market status by initial (February 2020) labor market status, wave, and country.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A5 in the Appendix.
Notes: Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Figure 5
Predicted labor market status by household income quartile in February 2020, wave, and country.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A5 in the Appendix.
Notes: Don’t know/refused/missing not shown. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Figure 6
Predicted hours of work per week by wave and country.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A3 in the Appendix.
Notes: Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Figure 7
Predicted hours of work per week by initial (February 2020) labor market status, wave, and country.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A7 in the Appendix.
Notes: February 2020 unemployed and out of labor force not shown. Bars show 95% confidence intervals. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Figure 8
Predicted hours of work per week by household income quartile in February 2020, wave, and country.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A7 in the Appendix.
Note: Bars show 95% confidence intervals. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Figure 9
Predicted log hourly wages by country and wave.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A3 in the Appendix.
Notes: Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Log hourly wages were transformed into US$ terms based on January 1, 2021 exchange rates. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Figure 10
75th/25th percentile ratio of monthly wages, by country and wave.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM.
Note: Given small sample size of wage earners in Sudan, Sudan is not shown. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Figure 11
Predicted log hourly wages by initial (February 2020) labor market status, wave, and country.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A9 in the Appendix.
Notes: February 2020 non-wage, unemployed, and out of labor force not shown. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Figure 12
Predicted log hourly wages by wage quartile in February 2020, wave, and country.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves, and interacted models in Table A9 in the Appendix.
Notes: Don’t know/refused/missing not shown. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Table A1
Variables, categories, and original questions and responses
| Categories | Full Question | Full Responses | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | |||||
| Labor Market Status | Employed Unemployed Out of the labor force (OLF) | In the past 7 days, did you spend at least 1 h working? Please consider day labor, work for wages or in-kind, and working on your own account or your own business, including an agricultural business (farm). | Yes No | Employed if yes | |
| Were you attached to a job in the past 7 days but were temporarily absent from it? | Yes No | Employed if yes | |||
| In the past 7 days, were you wanting, willing, and available to work? | Yes No | Only asked if not employed. Unemployed if responded yes, out of labor force if response was no. | |||
| Hours/week | In the past 7 days, how many hours did you work? | ||||
| Ln (hourly wage) | In the past month, what was your personal net monthly wage (including overtime, bonuses)? | Monthly wages transformed into hourly terms using hours per week reported from individuals who worked ≥1 h in the 7 days preceding the interview. Translated into US dollars based on exchange rates on January 1, 2021. Used in log form in models. | |||
| Covariates | |||||
| Wave | “Wave 1” 11/20 “Wave 2” 2/21 “Wave 3” 4/21 “Wave 4” 6/21 “Wave 5” 8/21 | Categorized into a month based on the majority of fielding for that wave. | |||
| February 2020 labor market status | Non-wage workers Public sector wage workers Formal private sector wage workers Informal private sector wage workers in an establishment Informal private sector wage workers outside an establishment Unemployed (broad definition) Out of the labor force (OLF) | What was your main job/activity as of the end of February 2020 (before the 19-COVID Pandemic)? | Wage worker for private sector/NGO Wage worker for government/public sector Farmer (owns a farm/self-employed on a farm) Business owner/self-employed (but not a farmer) Unpaid family worker on a farm Unpaid family worker (but not a farmer) Housewife Full time student Retired Other, not employed, and not looking for work (e.g., taking care of family members) Unemployed and looking for work | Recoded farmer, business owner/self-employed, unpaid family worker on a farm, unpaid family worker (but not farmer) as non-wage worker. Wage worker for private sector/NGO with social insurance recoded as formal private wage Wage worker for private sector/NGO without social insurance in an establishment recoded as informal private wage in an establishment Wage worker for private sector/NGO without social insurance outside an establishment recoded as informal private wage outside an establishment Housewife, full time student, other not employed and not looking for work, and retired recoded as out of the labor force | |
| As of end of February 2020 (before the 19-COVID pandemic), did you have social insurance? | Yes No | ||||
| As of end of February 2020 (before the 19-COVID pandemic), did you work inside an establishment? | Yes No | ||||
| Industry | Manufacturing and agriculture Construction Trade/retail Accommodation/food Services | Which activity best describes your main job/activity as of the end of February 2020? | Agriculture, fishing or mining Manufacturing Construction or utilities Retail or wholesale Transportation and storage Accommodation and food services Information and communication Financial activities or real estate Education Health Other services | Only asked of wage workers. Farmer, unpaid family worker on a farm, agriculture, fishing or mining, and manufacturing recoded as manufacturing and agriculture Retail or wholesale recoded as trade/retail Transportation and storage, information and communication, financial activities or real estate, education, health and other services, or unpaid family wage work (but not a farmer) recoded as services | |
| What was your main job/activity as of the end of February 2020 (before the COVID-19 pandemic)? | Wage worker for private sector/NGO Wage worker for government/public sector Farmer (owns a farm/self-employed on a farm) Business owner/self-employed (but not a farmer) Unpaid family worker on a farm Unpaid family worker (but not a farmer) Housewife Full time student Retired Other, not employed, and not looking for work (e.g., taking care of family members) Unemployed and looking for work | ||||
| Education level | Basic or less Secondary Higher education | What is the highest level of education you have completed? | Less than basic Basic Secondary Higher education | Less than basic and basic recoded at basic or less | |
| Sex | Male Female | ||||
| Age group (years) | 18–29 30–49 50–64 | What is your age, in years? | Age integer recoded into categories | ||
| February 2020 household income quartiles | First Second Third Fourth Don’t know/refused/missing | In February 2020 (before the 19-COVID pandemic), what was your household's total monthly income (from all sources and including your income)? | Categories were country-specific, roughly quartiles, given in local currency. | ||
| February 2020 wage quartile | First Second Third Fourth Don’t know/refused/missing | In February 2020 (before the 19-COVID Pandemic), what was your personal net monthly wage (including overtime, bonuses)? | Continuous responses were recoded into country-specific wage quartiles. | ||
[i] Source: Authors’ creation
Table A2
Descriptive statistics on outcomes and covariates
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | |||||
| Labor market status (at wave) (percentage) | |||||
| Employed | 40.1 | 48.8 | 45.7 | 54.1 | 53.3 |
| Unemployed | 27.4 | 22.7 | 32.7 | 25.3 | 20.8 |
| Out of labor force | 32.6 | 28.5 | 21.6 | 20.6 | 25.9 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Hours/week (mean) | 42.6 | 42.7 | 30.3 | 39.6 | 41.9 |
| Ln (hourly wage) (mean) | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.41 | –0.17 |
| Covariates (percentages) | |||||
| Wave | |||||
| Nov. 2020 | 24.7 | 24.6 | |||
| Feb. 2021 | 33.4 | 24.7 | 25.5 | 49.9 | |
| April 2021 | 25.9 | 54.5 | 25.3 | ||
| June 2021 | 32.8 | 24.7 | 24.7 | 50.1 | |
| Aug. 2021 | 33.7 | 45.5 | |||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 51.0 | 62.4 | 58.6 | 54.0 | 55.5 |
| Female | 49.0 | 37.6 | 41.4 | 46.0 | 44.5 |
| Age group (years) | |||||
| 18–29 | 34.1 | 31.2 | 48.5 | 27.7 | 33.5 |
| 30–49 | 47.7 | 47.7 | 40.1 | 49.0 | 49.3 |
| 50–64 | 18.3 | 21.1 | 11.4 | 23.3 | 17.3 |
| Education level | |||||
| Basic or less | 46.2 | 85.9 | 42.1 | 66.2 | 34.3 |
| Secondary | 21.3 | 8.7 | 33.2 | 16.5 | 41.8 |
| Higher education | 32.5 | 5.4 | 24.8 | 17.3 | 23.9 |
| Feb. 2020 detailed labor market status | |||||
| Non-wage | 5.2 | 24.2 | 34.1 | 11.9 | 10.6 |
| Public wage | 15.4 | 8.1 | 6.5 | 14.5 | 14.8 |
| Formal private wage | 9.1 | 8.4 | 1.7 | 9.7 | 7.5 |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | 6.0 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 11.2 |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | 4.2 | 11.5 | 3.7 | 10.6 | 10.1 |
| Unemployed | 8.4 | 14.6 | 15.5 | 9.4 | 4.3 |
| Out of LF | 51.8 | 30.2 | 37.2 | 40.6 | 41.4 |
| Feb. 2020 industry (Feb. 2020 employed only) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 8.8 | 29.9 | 35.6 | 29.9 | 26.3 |
| Construction | 10.4 | 14.1 | 9.2 | 13.2 | 15.9 |
| Trade/retail | 18.0 | 14.1 | 22.8 | 13.2 | 13.9 |
| Accommodations/food | 5.7 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 5.3 | 6.5 |
| Services | 57.1 | 34.0 | 30.3 | 38.3 | 37.4 |
| Feb. 2020 household income quartile (approximate) | |||||
| First | 24.9 | 45.6 | 14.7 | 23.1 | 33.3 |
| Second | 34.1 | 22.9 | 18.2 | 20.4 | 26.1 |
| Third | 19.2 | 5.3 | 19.5 | 23.7 | 21.8 |
| Fourth | 16.4 | 2.0 | 31.9 | 17.3 | 9.9 |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 5.4 | 24.2 | 15.7 | 15.5 | 8.9 |
| Feb. 2020 wage quartile (Feb. 2020 wage workers only) | |||||
| First | 24.6 | 28.4 | 23.4 | 22.4 | 22.2 |
| Second | 23.1 | 16.0 | 23.1 | 19.4 | 22.5 |
| Third | 23.2 | 15.4 | 20.3 | 21.0 | 23.8 |
| Fourth | 23.1 | 18.8 | 19.5 | 20.3 | 19.0 |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 5.9 | 21.4 | 13.7 | 16.9 | 12.5 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| N (Observations) | 7,625 | 8,120 | 4,401 | 8,143 | 4,007 |
[i] Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves.
[ii] CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Table A3
Predicted outcomes by wave and country, pooled model
| Prob. Emp. | Prob. Unemp. | Prob. OLF | Hours/week | Ln (hourly wage) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jordan # Feb. 2021 | 0.370 (0.010) | 0.260 (0.009) | 0.369 (0.010) | 44.497 (0.778) | 1.012 (0.034) |
| Jordan # June 2021 | 0.406 (0.010) | 0.270 (0.009) | 0.324 (0.009) | 42.167 (0.749) | 1.139 (0.031) |
| Jordan # Aug. 2021 | 0.426 (0.010) | 0.290 (0.009) | 0.284 (0.009) | 41.410 (0.727) | 1.137 (0.031) |
| Morocco # Nov. 2020 | 0.428 (0.011) | 0.233 (0.009) | 0.339 (0.011) | 41.777 (0.852) | 0.603 (0.052) |
| Morocco # Feb. 2021 | 0.489 (0.011) | 0.230 (0.009) | 0.281 (0.010) | 45.364 (0.783) | 0.457 (0.048) |
| Morocco # April 2021 | 0.546 (0.011) | 0.205 (0.009) | 0.249 (0.009) | 43.780 (0.709) | 0.357 (0.040) |
| Morocco # June 2021 | 0.487 (0.011) | 0.239 (0.010) | 0.273 (0.010) | 39.472 (0.762) | 0.740 (0.042) |
| Sudan # April 2021 | 0.443 (0.010) | 0.335 (0.010) | 0.222 (0.008) | 31.176 (0.789) | 0.793 (0.138) |
| Sudan # Aug. 2021 | 0.473 (0.011) | 0.318 (0.010) | 0.209 (0.009) | 29.430 (0.819) | 0.773 (0.094) |
| Tunisia # Nov. 2020 | 0.502 (0.011) | 0.306 (0.010) | 0.192 (0.009) | 40.156 (0.777) | 0.452 (0.040) |
| Tunisia # Feb. 2021 | 0.542 (0.011) | 0.253 (0.010) | 0.205 (0.009) | 37.861 (0.742) | 0.484 (0.036) |
| Tunisia # April 2021 | 0.554 (0.011) | 0.231 (0.009) | 0.215 (0.009) | 40.828 (0.722) | 0.370 (0.034) |
| Tunisia # June 2021 | 0.565 (0.011) | 0.222 (0.009) | 0.213 (0.009) | 39.573 (0.728) | 0.361 (0.035) |
| Egypt # Feb. 2021 | 0.521 (0.011) | 0.211 (0.009) | 0.268 (0.010) | 42.028 (0.752) | –0.187 (0.034) |
| Egypt # June 2021 | 0.544 (0.011) | 0.205 (0.009) | 0.251 (0.010) | 41.773 (0.745) | –0.151 (0.034) |
| N (Obs.) | 32,296 | 32,296 | 32,296 | 15,253 | 7,206 |
[i] Source: Authors’ calculations based on CMM, all waves.
[ii] Notes: Predicted outcomes with standard errors in parentheses.
[iii] CMM, COVID-19 MENA Monitor; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
Table A4
Relative risk ratios from multinomial logit models for labor market status, main effects
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | |
| Wave (first wave omitted) | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 | 0.769** (0.068) | 0.546*** (0.054) | 0.773** (0.074) | 1.105 (0.129) | ||||||
| April 2021 | 0.604*** (0.054) | 0.419*** (0.042) | 0.667*** (0.065) | 1.077 (0.125) | ||||||
| June 2021 | 0.780** (0.073) | 0.612*** (0.061) | 0.807* (0.072) | 0.575*** (0.057) | 0.610*** (0.060) | 0.979 (0.114) | 0.828 (0.088) | 0.767* (0.088) | ||
| Aug. 2021 | 0.758** (0.070) | 0.463*** (0.046) | 0.852* (0.064) | 0.882 (0.077) | ||||||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | ||||||||||
| Non-wage | 7.103*** (1.819) | 4.352*** (1.227) | 2.589*** (0.431) | 1.393 (0.263) | 1.977*** (0.362) | 0.484*** (0.101) | 2.723*** (0.585) | 2.799** (0.898) | 4.665*** (1.533) | 2.206 (0.915) |
| Formal private wage | 5.424*** (1.243) | 1.660* (0.424) | 1.758** (0.328) | 0.620* (0.150) | 6.105*** (1.874) | 0.778 (0.439) | 2.351*** (0.501) | 1.446 (0.485) | 4.695*** (1.595) | 2.189 (0.956) |
| Informal private wage in an establishment | 9.777*** (2.299) | 1.773 (0.553) | 2.379*** (0.525) | 0.670 (0.225) | 0.731 (0.258) | 0.217** (0.108) | 3.839*** (0.931) | 1.417 (0.686) | 7.298*** (2.236) | 2.737** (1.039) |
| Informal private wage outside an establishment | 10.736*** (2.688) | 1.869 (0.665) | 3.026*** (0.517) | 1.907*** (0.372) | 0.661 (0.173) | 0.147*** (0.062) | 4.284*** (0.899) | 2.517** (0.845) | 6.473*** (2.069) | 3.931*** (1.519) |
| Unemployed | 54.708*** (12.047) | 17.370*** (3.531) | 12.748*** (2.137) | 7.703*** (1.456) | 1.680** (0.303) | 0.978 (0.203) | 19.826*** (3.678) | 4.495*** (1.178) | 125.942*** (42.860) | 22.199*** (9.027) |
| OLF | 103.298*** (21.187) | 71.571*** (12.496) | 11.898*** (2.025) | 45.723*** (8.204) | 1.433* (0.247) | 1.565* (0.297) | 28.960*** (5.043) | 56.765*** (11.953) | 54.734*** (15.277) | 94.505*** (25.714) |
| Industry (services omitted) | ||||||||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 2.017*** (0.386) | 0.468 (0.188) | 1.239 (0.139) | 1.883*** (0.284) | 0.271*** (0.042) | 0.869 (0.181) | 1.132 (0.185) | 0.428** (0.121) | 1.013 (0.236) | 0.721 (0.245) |
| Construction | 1.584* (0.312) | 0.527 (0.181) | 1.271 (0.172) | 1.547* (0.300) | 0.511*** (0.103) | 0.782 (0.262) | 1.827** (0.342) | 0.629 (0.230) | 2.664*** (0.631) | 1.292 (0.494) |
| Trade/retail | 1.240 (0.206) | 0.519* (0.143) | 1.148 (0.156) | 1.565* (0.285) | 0.732* (0.112) | 1.866** (0.394) | 1.945*** (0.361) | 0.400* (0.156) | 1.016 (0.277) | 1.182 (0.443) |
| Accommodations/food | 1.906** (0.429) | 0.899 (0.358) | 1.571** (0.248) | 2.435*** (0.471) | 1.308 (0.450) | 0.506 (0.419) | 1.318 (0.320) | 0.712 (0.328) | 2.455** (0.708) | 0.970 (0.505) |
| Sex (male omitted) | ||||||||||
| Female | 2.683*** (0.241) | 4.363*** (0.415) | 2.568*** (0.197) | 4.125*** (0.339) | 2.234*** (0.202) | 3.408*** (0.359) | 2.910*** (0.219) | 3.775*** (0.349) | 4.988*** (0.659) | 6.643*** (0.926) |
| Age group (years, 18–29 omitted) | ||||||||||
| 30–49 | 1.028 (0.087) | 1.129 (0.106) | 0.666*** (0.048) | 0.996 (0.086) | 1.071 (0.088) | 0.843 (0.083) | 0.797** (0.064) | 0.823 (0.084) | 1.341* (0.166) | 1.136 (0.154) |
| 50–64 | 2.159*** (0.274) | 5.609*** (0.725) | 0.572*** (0.055) | 1.766*** (0.177) | 0.987 (0.134) | 1.751*** (0.255) | 1.063 (0.108) | 2.598*** (0.297) | 1.534* (0.277) | 3.328*** (0.587) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | 1.022 (0.107) | 0.803* (0.089) | 0.836 (0.103) | 1.084 (0.139) | 1.161 (0.106) | 0.851 (0.089) | 0.997 (0.096) | 0.914 (0.104) | 1.106 (0.142) | 0.687** (0.094) |
| Higher education | 1.078 (0.109) | 0.435*** (0.048) | 0.654** (0.104) | 0.650* (0.113) | 0.932 (0.093) | 0.468*** (0.057) | 1.697*** (0.191) | 1.193 (0.158) | 0.824 (0.134) | 0.454*** (0.078) |
| Feb. 2020 income (first quartile omitted) | ||||||||||
| Second | 0.873 (0.088) | 0.911 (0.099) | 0.844* (0.069) | 0.946 (0.090) | 0.807 (0.102) | 1.371* (0.221) | 0.505*** (0.049) | 0.779* (0.090) | 0.723* (0.102) | 1.271 (0.191) |
| Third | 0.785 (0.098) | 1.170 (0.159) | 0.658* (0.110) | 0.793 (0.152) | 0.592*** (0.076) | 1.433* (0.225) | 0.440*** (0.044) | 0.783* (0.094) | 0.674* (0.108) | 1.145 (0.203) |
| Fourth | 0.628*** (0.086) | 1.197 (0.177) | 0.990 (0.239) | 0.985 (0.273) | 0.857 (0.102) | 1.840*** (0.275) | 0.170*** (0.023) | 0.533*** (0.077) | 0.809 (0.176) | 1.562 (0.371) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.976 (0.181) | 1.557* (0.302) | 1.038 (0.084) | 1.410*** (0.123) | 0.920 (0.124) | 2.591*** (0.413) | 0.658*** (0.074) | 1.251 (0.165) | 1.473 (0.295) | 2.426*** (0.510) |
| N | 7,625 | 8,120 | 4,401 | 8,143 | 4,007 | |||||
| Pseudo R-sq. | 0.338 | 0.257 | 0.096 | 0.325 | 0.381 | |||||
Table A5
Relative risk ratios from multinomial logit models for labor market status, including wave interactions
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | Unemployed | OLF | |
| Wave (first wave omitted) | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 | 0.396* (0.164) | 0.586 (0.290) | 2.060 (1.089) | 0.392 (0.308) | ||||||
| April 2021 | 0.099*** (0.050) | 0.043*** (0.028) | 0.277* (0.178) | 0.370 (0.274) | ||||||
| June 2021 | 0.468 (0.258) | 0.253* (0.146) | 0.002* (0.005) | 0.254* (0.146) | 0.249* (0.168) | 0.894 (0.602) | 0.218* (0.159) | 0.649 (0.451) | ||
| Aug. 2021 | 0.457 (0.280) | 0.474 (0.236) | 0.583 (0.254) | 0.108*** (0.063) | ||||||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | ||||||||||
| Non-wage | 5.270*** (2.307) | 3.220** (1.459) | 0.925 (0.258) | 0.907 (0.334) | 0.999 (0.253) | 0.352*** (0.099) | 1.197 (0.426) | 1.083 (0.797) | 1.671 (0.734) | 1.642 (1.054) |
| Formal private wage | 5.725*** (2.169) | 1.319 (0.526) | 0.563 (0.194) | 0.627 (0.275) | 1.661 (0.955) | 0.789 (0.542) | 1.843 (0.609) | 0.260 (0.296) | 2.341 (1.063) | 0.738 (0.716) |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | 8.222*** (3.279) | 1.372 (0.691) | 1.693 (0.553) | 0.328 (0.221) | 2.582 (1.281) | 0.000 (0.000) | 4.097*** (1.607) | 0.449 (0.677) | 3.466** (1.366) | 3.534* (1.951) |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | 8.854*** (3.695) | 1.803 (0.924) | 1.289 (0.367) | 1.326 (0.501) | 0.567 (0.196) | 0.162*** (0.079) | 2.583** (0.877) | 2.277 (1.550) | 4.355*** (1.755) | 6.300*** (3.471) |
| Unemployed | 53.827*** (20.207) | 15.770*** (5.159) | 3.451*** (0.978) | 5.785*** (1.981) | 1.960** (0.448) | 0.403*** (0.106) | 24.176*** (7.215) | 2.238 (1.322) | 92.868*** (41.317) | 9.382** (7.168) |
| Out of LF | 133.747*** (47.061) | 93.179*** (26.151) | 6.694*** (2.168) | 53.653*** (19.090) | 1.438 (0.315) | 0.667 (0.155) | 28.442*** (7.789) | 60.612*** (22.574) | 41.318*** (14.239) | 143.351*** (60.104) |
| Industry (services omitted) | ||||||||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 1.366 (0.497) | 0.512 (0.321) | 1.747** (0.358) | 1.500 (0.421) | 0.846 (0.187) | 0.706 (0.198) | 0.980 (0.289) | 0.593 (0.383) | 1.206 (0.399) | 0.490 (0.262) |
| Construction | 1.791 (0.609) | 0.395 (0.251) | 1.333 (0.331) | 1.042 (0.382) | 1.101 (0.299) | 0.725 (0.302) | 1.392 (0.491) | 0.234 (0.268) | 1.969 (0.689) | 1.173 (0.628) |
| Trade/retail | 1.359 (0.373) | 0.622 (0.261) | 0.520* (0.152) | 0.194** (0.110) | 1.248 (0.293) | 1.494 (0.440) | 3.042*** (0.971) | 0.562 (0.503) | 1.163 (0.459) | 1.254 (0.680) |
| Accommodations/food | 2.221* (0.810) | 1.762 (0.902) | 0.879 (0.275) | 0.851 (0.351) | 0.307 (0.240) | 0.344 (0.298) | 2.204 (0.912) | 0.352 (0.591) | 2.845* (1.159) | 2.316 (1.378) |
| Sex (male omitted) | ||||||||||
| Female | 2.125*** (0.353) | 3.621*** (0.616) | 2.961*** (0.499) | 4.492*** (0.808) | 2.229*** (0.278) | 4.258*** (0.632) | 1.801*** (0.265) | 2.337*** (0.440) | 4.927*** (0.962) | 6.137*** (1.278) |
| Age group (18–29 omitted) | ||||||||||
| 30–49 | 0.864 (0.131) | 1.084 (0.179) | 0.728* (0.103) | 1.099 (0.193) | 1.070 (0.118) | 0.692** (0.092) | 1.202 (0.194) | 1.108 (0.237) | 1.448* (0.266) | 1.089 (0.218) |
| 50–64 | 1.768* (0.416) | 3.878*** (0.923) | 0.534** (0.104) | 1.907** (0.401) | 0.889 (0.150) | 0.755 (0.153) | 1.515* (0.312) | 2.397*** (0.595) | 1.203 (0.319) | 2.805*** (0.722) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | 0.884 (0.171) | 0.767 (0.154) | 0.577* (0.148) | 0.660 (0.184) | 0.785* (0.097) | 0.713* (0.099) | 0.941 (0.176) | 0.972 (0.227) | 1.459* (0.277) | 0.749 (0.153) |
| Higher education | 1.053 (0.198) | 0.434*** (0.086) | 0.651 (0.226) | 0.572 (0.218) | 0.894 (0.118) | 0.323*** (0.054) | 1.566* (0.326) | 1.744* (0.457) | 0.705 (0.170) | 0.405*** (0.103) |
| Feb. 2020 income (first quartile omitted) | ||||||||||
| Second | 0.856 (0.160) | 0.803 (0.158) | 0.549*** (0.095) | 0.556** (0.118) | 0.834 (0.131) | 1.906** (0.410) | 0.714 (0.158) | 0.727 (0.204) | 0.572** (0.117) | 0.878 (0.193) |
| Third | 0.678 (0.158) | 1.045 (0.257) | 0.459* (0.176) | 0.242** (0.130) | 0.614** (0.100) | 2.007*** (0.420) | 0.383*** (0.089) | 0.551* (0.158) | 0.588* (0.139) | 0.976 (0.259) |
| Fourth | 0.561* (0.142) | 1.112 (0.292) | 2.040 (1.351) | 1.114 (1.050) | 0.884 (0.138) | 3.134*** (0.637) | 0.309*** (0.090) | 0.704 (0.236) | 0.756 (0.244) | 1.467 (0.518) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.623 (0.201) | 0.945 (0.314) | 0.978 (0.150) | 1.100 (0.189) | 0.922 (0.155) | 3.879*** (0.826) | 0.728 (0.142) | 0.782 (0.185) | 1.496 (0.456) | 3.007*** (0.964) |
| Wave and Feb. 2020 labor market status int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Non-wage | 1.071 (0.442) | 0.556 (0.271) | 2.211 (1.222) | 2.273 (2.454) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Formal private wage | 0.942 (0.471) | 0.473 (0.285) | 1.256 (0.665) | 11.406 (15.546) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.384 (0.218) | 0.331 (0.368) | 0.689 (0.441) | 6.153 (11.197) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 1.067 (0.472) | 0.900 (0.455) | 1.480 (0.792) | 0.851 (0.934) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Unemployed | 2.315* (0.977) | 0.318* (0.163) | 0.454 (0.211) | 3.755 (3.216) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Out of LF | 1.066 (0.489) | 0.387 (0.191) | 0.730 (0.316) | 2.021 (1.339) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Non-wage | 6.568*** (3.360) | 14.799*** (9.519) | 2.487 (1.706) | 3.744 (3.695) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Formal private wage | 10.724*** (6.037) | 2.187 (1.828) | 0.552 (0.403) | 4.700 (6.420) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 1.465 (1.046) | 16.359** (16.014) | 1.099 (0.794) | 5.270 (9.118) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 4.216** (2.198) | 7.946** (5.232) | 1.683 (1.130) | 1.190 (1.154) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Unemployed | 7.593*** (3.871) | 3.504 (2.260) | 1.804 (1.053) | 6.021* (4.813) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Out of LF | 4.439** (2.354) | 3.586* (2.236) | 1.866 (1.025) | 1.270 (0.768) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Non-wage | 0.866 (0.535) | 3.641 (2.518) | 648.087* (2,127.191) | 1.342 (0.795) | 6.913** (4.870) | 4.463 (4.183) | 9.826** (7.193) | 1.970 (1.666) | ||
| June 2021 # Formal private wage | 0.754 (0.399) | 2.666 (1.733) | 592.198 (1,949.768) | 0.890 (0.645) | 3.755 (2.574) | 8.428 (10.717) | 5.237* (3.927) | 4.831 (5.328) | ||
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.713 (0.397) | 1.435 (1.213) | 131.888 (437.864) | 4.302 (4.157) | 1.786 (1.381) | 1.653 (3.122) | 6.206** (4.276) | 0.613 (0.478) | ||
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 0.909 (0.538) | 2.033 (1.748) | 471.054 (1,546.759) | 0.923 (0.568) | 5.469* (3.759) | 1.728 (1.578) | 2.889 (2.066) | 0.440 (0.351) | ||
| June 2021 # Unemployed | 1.239 (0.642) | 2.389 (1.314) | 1,041.680* (3,418.862) | 3.398* (1.906) | 1.260 (0.798) | 0.653 (0.538) | 2.959 (2.227) | 3.713 (3.437) | ||
| June 2021 # Out of LF | 0.537 (0.256) | 1.171 (0.568) | 222.157 (729.929) | 0.903 (0.504) | 1.774 (1.076) | 0.542 (0.293) | 2.734 (1.750) | 0.513 (0.286) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Non-wage | 2.986 (1.985) | 0.527 (0.408) | 3.506** (1.359) | 2.726* (1.254) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Formal private wage | 1.273 (0.776) | 0.918 (0.568) | 7.479** (5.406) | 0.299 (0.746) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 2.498 (1.547) | 1.539 (1.101) | 0.045** (0.043) | 4004994.921 (2.502e+09) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 2.219 (1.443) | 0.536 (0.512) | 1.278 (0.703) | 0.422 (0.487) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Unemployed | 1.046 (0.614) | 0.703 (0.328) | 0.694 (0.266) | 14.448*** (7.531) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Out of LF | 1.093 (0.608) | 0.489 (0.194) | 0.932 (0.339) | 14.694*** (7.186) | ||||||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 industry int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.873 (0.274) | 2.049 (0.845) | 0.803 (0.351) | 1.615 (1.434) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Construction | 1.169 (0.455) | 3.947** (2.002) | 1.023 (0.517) | 1.381 (2.350) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Trade/retail | 2.202 (0.939) | 18.794*** (12.425) | 0.484 (0.235) | 2.368 (2.747) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.399 (0.242) | 1.675 (1.011) | 0.528 (0.329) | 2.397 (4.921) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.518* (0.171) | 1.052 (0.436) | 2.354 (1.235) | 0.580 (0.524) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Construction | 1.277 (0.490) | 0.831 (0.478) | 3.559* (2.131) | 8.320 (10.714) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Trade/retail | 3.273** (1.299) | 3.384 (2.392) | 1.220 (0.700) | 0.991 (1.144) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Accommodations/food | 3.907** (1.715) | 5.653** (3.043) | 0.468 (0.380) | 6.838 (12.348) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 2.381 (1.177) | 1.078 (0.985) | 0.501* (0.163) | 1.329 (0.618) | 1.074 (0.471) | 0.362 (0.296) | 0.737 (0.348) | 1.996 (1.379) | ||
| June 2021 # Construction | 1.258 (0.607) | 2.157 (1.754) | 0.930 (0.351) | 0.886 (0.602) | 1.330 (0.676) | 1.391 (1.857) | 1.853 (0.894) | 1.080 (0.840) | ||
| June 2021 # Trade/retail | 0.953 (0.400) | 0.626 (0.413) | 3.448** (1.358) | 23.490*** (15.868) | 0.340* (0.176) | 0.084 (0.127) | 0.848 (0.467) | 0.927 (0.699) | ||
| June 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.660 (0.393) | 0.086 (0.141) | 3.504** (1.553) | 4.628* (2.799) | 0.508 (0.333) | 0.076 (0.240) | 0.712 (0.418) | 0.050 (0.086) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 1.321 (0.636) | 0.686 (0.733) | 0.078*** (0.027) | 2.274 (1.133) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Construction | 0.585 (0.285) | 0.683 (0.750) | 0.237** (0.105) | 1.278 (1.015) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Trade/retail | 0.819 (0.324) | 1.088 (0.745) | 0.397** (0.129) | 3.617** (1.789) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.905 (0.473) | 0.389 (0.382) | 12.453** (11.645) | 1.361 (4.889) | ||||||
| Wave and sex int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Female | 0.911 (0.212) | 1.015 (0.251) | 1.786** (0.377) | 1.845* (0.496) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Female | 0.688 (0.156) | 0.977 (0.242) | 3.133*** (0.698) | 2.357** (0.631) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Female | 1.744* (0.400) | 1.494 (0.360) | 1.327 (0.311) | 1.159 (0.289) | 1.435 (0.309) | 1.932* (0.512) | 1.089 (0.292) | 1.326 (0.379) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Female | 1.153 (0.256) | 1.205 (0.282) | 1.220 (0.232) | 0.676 (0.147) | ||||||
| Wave and age int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # 30–49 | 1.359 (0.286) | 1.205 (0.296) | 0.324*** (0.074) | 0.607 (0.182) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # 50–64 | 1.477 (0.397) | 0.576 (0.166) | 0.374*** (0.109) | 1.069 (0.366) | ||||||
| April 2021 # 30–49 | 0.744 (0.154) | 0.704 (0.176) | 0.666 (0.158) | 0.959 (0.286) | ||||||
| April 2021 # 50–64 | 1.252 (0.344) | 1.097 (0.324) | 0.683 (0.208) | 1.762 (0.599) | ||||||
| June 2021 # 30–49 | 1.587* (0.339) | 1.012 (0.238) | 0.656* (0.137) | 0.785 (0.201) | 0.900 (0.208) | 0.526* (0.154) | 0.853 (0.214) | 1.092 (0.300) | ||
| June 2021 # 50–64 | 1.353 (0.442) | 1.893 (0.623) | 0.526* (0.154) | 1.060 (0.322) | 0.940 (0.272) | 0.880 (0.290) | 1.570 (0.576) | 1.445 (0.518) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # 30–49 | 1.051 (0.218) | 1.115 (0.258) | 1.132 (0.197) | 1.761** (0.362) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # 50–64 | 1.271 (0.396) | 1.573 (0.504) | 1.560 (0.489) | 8.042*** (2.524) | ||||||
| Wave and educ. int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Secondary | 1.669 (0.600) | 1.729 (0.650) | 1.089 (0.294) | 1.243 (0.407) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Higher education | 1.491 (0.733) | 2.102 (1.076) | 1.081 (0.332) | 0.658 (0.251) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Secondary | 1.918 (0.695) | 2.250* (0.882) | 1.313 (0.369) | 0.908 (0.302) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Higher education | 1.613 (0.769) | 1.704 (0.896) | 1.619 (0.534) | 0.805 (0.310) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Secondary | 1.553 (0.417) | 1.288 (0.361) | 1.253 (0.451) | 1.548 (0.585) | 1.031 (0.282) | 0.789 (0.257) | 0.580* (0.151) | 0.860 (0.240) | ||
| June 2021 # Higher education | 1.031 (0.269) | 0.818 (0.230) | 0.794 (0.374) | 0.560 (0.302) | 0.977 (0.313) | 0.490 (0.181) | 1.316 (0.435) | 1.250 (0.438) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Secondary | 1.005 (0.260) | 0.881 (0.240) | 2.916*** (0.565) | 1.692* (0.373) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Higher education | 1.060 (0.265) | 1.180 (0.319) | 1.086 (0.232) | 2.039** (0.512) | ||||||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 income int. | ||||||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Second | 2.548*** (0.606) | 1.667 (0.477) | 0.444** (0.129) | 0.767 (0.277) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Third | 0.393 (0.281) | 2.785 (1.849) | 1.157 (0.350) | 1.343 (0.500) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Fourth | 0.072* (0.083) | 1.096 (1.165) | 0.424* (0.167) | 0.557 (0.246) | ||||||
| Feb. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.666 (0.153) | 1.121 (0.273) | 0.457* (0.164) | 2.692* (1.063) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Second | 1.574 (0.374) | 2.785*** (0.787) | 0.623 (0.186) | 1.070 (0.384) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Third | 0.843 (0.455) | 6.786** (4.380) | 0.802 (0.254) | 0.992 (0.370) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Fourth | 0.482 (0.403) | 1.212 (1.347) | 0.489 (0.200) | 0.645 (0.286) | ||||||
| April 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 1.306 (0.298) | 1.889* (0.475) | 0.721 (0.247) | 1.929 (0.732) | ||||||
| June 2021 # Second | 1.109 (0.287) | 1.099 (0.302) | 1.126 (0.283) | 1.629 (0.473) | 0.835 (0.239) | 1.552 (0.550) | 1.516 (0.434) | 1.983* (0.603) | ||
| June 2021 # Third | 1.381 (0.445) | 1.213 (0.417) | 3.781** (1.772) | 2.809 (1.835) | 1.404 (0.426) | 2.569** (0.939) | 1.313 (0.426) | 1.360 (0.488) | ||
| June 2021 # Fourth | 1.282 (0.448) | 0.950 (0.354) | 0.626 (0.481) | 0.512 (0.543) | 0.298** (0.133) | 1.105 (0.477) | 1.188 (0.524) | 1.253 (0.607) | ||
| June 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 2.773* (1.337) | 2.920* (1.455) | 1.600* (0.375) | 1.196 (0.311) | 1.763 (0.563) | 2.537* (0.970) | 0.995 (0.403) | 0.708 (0.303) | ||
| Aug. 2021 # Second | 0.955 (0.238) | 1.325 (0.357) | 0.881 (0.246) | 0.462* (0.155) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Third | 1.104 (0.342) | 1.184 (0.396) | 0.829 (0.235) | 0.446* (0.147) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Fourth | 1.113 (0.377) | 1.329 (0.481) | 0.886 (0.232) | 0.350*** (0.110) | ||||||
| Aug. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 1.520 (0.670) | 1.705 (0.787) | 1.154 (0.348) | 0.483* (0.164) | ||||||
| N (Obs.) | 7,625 | 7,625 | 8,120 | 8,120 | 4,401 | 4,401 | 8,143 | 8,143 | 4,007 | 4,007 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.344 | 0.344 | 0.288 | 0.288 | 0.130 | 0.130 | 0.343 | 0.343 | 0.391 | 0.391 |
Table A6
Tobit model of hours of work per week, main effects
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave (first wave omitted) | |||||
| Feb. 2021 | 4.250*** (1.206) | –2.017* (0.959) | |||
| April 2021 | 3.332** (1.167) | 0.697 (0.953) | |||
| June 2021 | –2.021* (0.977) | –0.911 (1.205) | 0.279 (0.959) | –0.091 (1.030) | |
| Aug. 2021 | –2.600** (0.965) | –4.060** (1.284) | |||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | |||||
| Non-wage | –3.347* (1.694) | 5.293*** (1.467) | 5.912* (2.825) | 0.956 (1.276) | –3.872* (1.928) |
| Formal private wage | 6.076*** (1.248) | 4.332** (1.584) | 2.971 (6.269) | 0.947 (1.184) | 5.785** (1.868) |
| Informal private wage in an establishment | 4.299** (1.531) | 7.912*** (2.218) | 37.905*** (5.046) | –3.118 (1.744) | 3.138 (1.845) |
| Informal private wage outside an establishment | –2.280 (1.751) | 4.119* (1.615) | 4.766 (3.457) | –4.140** (1.339) | –3.829* (1.936) |
| Unemployed | 2.342 (1.863) | –1.426 (1.801) | –4.107 (3.222) | –8.497*** (1.475) | –10.381* (4.347) |
| OLF | –6.410*** (1.484) | –11.331*** (1.949) | –8.406** (3.072) | –8.542*** (1.192) | –5.756** (2.225) |
| Industry (services omitted) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | –1.019 (1.763) | –9.069*** (1.220) | –7.248** (2.312) | 2.811* (1.098) | –1.380 (1.548) |
| Construction | –10.276*** (1.655) | –8.007*** (1.473) | 2.507 (3.178) | –3.870** (1.387) | –5.229** (1.783) |
| Trade/retail | 2.898* (1.410) | –4.117** (1.523) | –5.388* (2.607) | –0.831 (1.378) | 6.465*** (1.873) |
| Accommodations/food | 5.383* (2.094) | –0.952 (1.839) | –4.896 (6.003) | 0.042 (1.814) | 6.745** (2.535) |
| Sex (male omitted) | |||||
| Female | –12.386*** (1.066) | –6.673*** (1.155) | –8.841*** (1.687) | –4.997*** (0.806) | –10.617*** (1.510) |
| Age group (years, 18–29 omitted) | |||||
| 30–49 | –4.140*** (0.899) | –2.230* (0.997) | –3.187* (1.396) | –1.968* (0.826) | –4.490*** (1.293) |
| 50–64 | –4.019* (1.627) | –1.028 (1.228) | 6.485** (2.178) | –6.767*** (1.048) | –10.287*** (1.763) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | |||||
| Secondary | 3.627** (1.141) | –1.288 (1.608) | –5.577*** (1.568) | –1.810* (0.909) | 1.344 (1.305) |
| Higher education | –5.181*** (1.071) | –4.395* (1.970) | –5.425** (1.736) | –5.469*** (1.028) | –1.389 (1.564) |
| Feb. 2020 income (first quartile omitted) | |||||
| Second | 7.048*** (1.288) | 1.421 (1.005) | –3.225 (2.161) | 4.259*** (1.134) | 2.082 (1.500) |
| Third | 4.100** (1.455) | 2.154 (1.781) | –2.150 (2.078) | 7.603*** (1.113) | 4.800** (1.530) |
| Fourth | 6.279*** (1.537) | –2.452 (2.783) | 5.969** (2.042) | 6.966*** (1.234) | 5.395** (1.936) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 11.446*** (2.498) | –0.063 (1.186) | 4.318 (2.497) | 6.793*** (1.325) | –1.132 (2.394) |
| N | 3,182 | 3,849 | 1,484 | 4,590 | 2,148 |
| Pseudo R2 | .0164 | .00503 | .0168 | .0088 | .0118 |
Table A7
Tobit model of hours of work per week, model including wave interactions
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave (first wave omitted) | |||||
| Feb. 2021 | –5.312 (4.954) | –3.148 (4.522) | |||
| April 2021 | 2.702 (4.550) | 7.710 (4.362) | |||
| June 2021 | –5.621 (4.017) | –2.676 (4.961) | 5.693 (4.386) | 3.315 (4.710) | |
| Aug. 2021 | –6.129 (3.939) | –7.752 (6.989) | |||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | |||||
| Non-wage | –13.658*** (2.897) | 7.368* (3.284) | 0.474 (3.925) | –1.615 (2.510) | 0.578 (2.716) |
| Formal private wage | –1.439 (2.148) | 11.340** (3.642) | –3.890 (10.232) | –2.662 (2.367) | 3.378 (2.657) |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.974 (2.683) | 14.963*** (4.542) | 15.121 (8.579) | 2.007 (3.518) | 5.499* (2.581) |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | –7.792** (2.975) | 12.665*** (3.662) | 8.123 (4.831) | –5.634* (2.703) | –1.715 (2.712) |
| Unemployed | –1.211 (3.315) | –9.418* (4.180) | –5.335 (4.151) | –12.795*** (3.117) | –0.379 (6.424) |
| Out of LF | –9.857*** (2.924) | 6.924 (5.313) | –8.501* (3.903) | –2.573 (2.514) | –3.644 (3.319) |
| Industry (services omitted) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.378 (3.135) | –16.213*** (2.605) | 1.645 (3.281) | 4.052 (2.151) | –2.892 (2.219) |
| Construction | –11.212*** (2.919) | –13.619*** (3.038) | 10.244* (4.213) | –2.588 (2.799) | –6.269* (2.432) |
| Trade/retail | 3.346 (2.394) | –19.427*** (3.025) | 9.241* (3.732) | –2.044 (2.753) | 7.843** (2.593) |
| Accommodations/food | 10.612** (3.675) | –7.936* (3.833) | –6.163 (7.360) | 6.075 (3.887) | 13.325*** (3.449) |
| Sex (male omitted) | |||||
| Female | –13.902*** (1.909) | 0.903 (2.708) | –10.250*** (2.306) | –9.457*** (1.742) | –15.752*** (2.205) |
| Age group (18–29 omitted) | |||||
| 30–49 | –2.772 (1.593) | –3.019 (2.095) | –2.064 (1.947) | 2.767 (1.740) | –3.355 (1.815) |
| 50–64 | –4.884 (2.912) | –3.491 (2.579) | 3.766 (2.842) | 3.789 (2.200) | –10.736*** (2.441) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | |||||
| Secondary | 3.338 (2.050) | 1.378 (3.395) | –5.671** (2.129) | 3.192 (1.884) | 0.570 (1.820) |
| Higher education | –4.322* (1.969) | –14.167** (4.865) | –7.686*** (2.329) | –3.062 (2.063) | –1.594 (2.193) |
| Feb. 2020 income (first quartile omitted) | |||||
| Second | 9.618*** (2.321) | –0.343 (2.229) | –8.688** (2.799) | 0.527 (2.649) | 2.538 (2.084) |
| Third | 2.089 (2.600) | –5.847 (4.364) | –4.758 (2.686) | 7.159** (2.544) | 5.446* (2.155) |
| Fourth | 7.184** (2.708) | –4.084 (10.879) | 3.733 (2.771) | 4.111 (2.832) | 7.417** (2.800) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 10.895** (4.090) | –2.507 (2.407) | 5.575 (3.230) | 4.447 (2.417) | 5.217 (3.386) |
| Wave and Feb. 2020 labor market status int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Non-wage | 0.124 (4.498) | 7.006* (3.495) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Formal private wage | –4.069 (4.863) | 3.185 (3.316) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | –4.293 (6.201) | –0.058 (5.062) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | –2.705 (5.028) | 2.332 (3.738) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Unemployed | 15.112** (5.633) | 13.039** (4.231) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Out of LF | –19.231** (6.762) | –0.940 (3.533) | |||
| April 2021 # Non-wage | –3.083 (4.201) | 0.337 (3.576) | |||
| April 2021 # Formal private wage | –9.110* (4.625) | 2.524 (3.298) | |||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | –8.787 (6.210) | –12.922** (4.908) | |||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | –12.005** (4.592) | 0.774 (3.737) | |||
| April 2021 # Unemployed | 5.352 (5.104) | 2.544 (4.336) | |||
| April 2021 # Out of LF | –20.483*** (6.166) | –8.729* (3.432) | |||
| June 2021 # Non-wage | 16.084*** (4.134) | –3.703 (4.375) | 2.706 (3.648) | –8.927* (3.827) | |
| June 2021 # Formal private wage | 12.522*** (3.028) | –13.440** (4.807) | 9.314** (3.381) | 4.968 (3.703) | |
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 6.095 (3.675) | –15.718* (6.719) | –3.453 (4.807) | –4.688 (3.661) | |
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 12.222** (4.285) | –17.199*** (4.842) | 4.410 (3.871) | –4.166 (3.844) | |
| June 2021 # Unemployed | 5.422 (4.801) | 11.992* (5.607) | 0.844 (4.176) | –18.222* (8.642) | |
| June 2021 # Out of LF | 5.248 (3.816) | –21.912*** (6.461) | –10.797** (3.349) | –3.918 (4.442) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Non-wage | 15.800*** (4.103) | 4.803 (5.720) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Formal private wage | 9.979** (3.050) | 4.468 (12.979) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 3.803 (3.830) | 27.511* (10.826) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 5.089 (4.211) | –11.352 (6.992) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Unemployed | 4.122 (4.427) | 1.278 (6.456) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Out of LF | 4.807 (3.786) | 1.104 (6.204) | |||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 industry int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 9.584** (3.535) | 1.196 (3.034) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Construction | 5.527 (4.216) | –3.857 (3.910) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Trade/retail | 24.395*** (4.266) | 2.695 (3.827) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 5.391 (5.329) | –6.222 (5.264) | |||
| April 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 7.577* (3.437) | 0.258 (3.035) | |||
| April 2021 # Construction | 5.718 (4.266) | 3.453 (3.836) | |||
| April 2021 # Trade/retail | 14.316*** (4.151) | 0.691 (3.832) | |||
| April 2021 # Accommodations/food | 2.373 (5.304) | –8.583 (5.145) | |||
| June 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.416 (4.401) | 8.347* (3.584) | –8.119** (3.127) | 2.987 (3.066) | |
| June 2021 # Construction | 1.518 (4.091) | 10.684** (4.139) | –5.881 (3.973) | 2.398 (3.539) | |
| June 2021 # Trade/retail | 0.690 (3.398) | 23.278*** (4.372) | 2.010 (3.954) | –3.366 (3.712) | |
| June 2021 # Accommodations/food | –7.011 (5.091) | 15.423** (5.302) | –7.730 (5.314) | –14.113** (5.032) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | –4.617 (4.289) | –13.328** (4.575) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Construction | –0.615 (4.010) | –15.114* (6.524) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Trade/retail | –2.137 (3.442) | –26.947*** (5.249) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Accommodations/food | –8.352 (5.139) | 10.352 (12.382) | |||
| Wave and sex int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Female | –2.650 (3.650) | 5.040* (2.364) | |||
| April 2021 # Female | –6.637* (3.353) | 6.104** (2.351) | |||
| June 2021 # Female | 0.856 (2.653) | –14.262*** (3.519) | 4.731* (2.307) | 9.804** (3.001) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Female | 3.503 (2.602) | 1.183 (3.363) | |||
| Wave and age int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # 30–49 | 2.371 (2.890) | –5.523* (2.403) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # 50–64 | 5.888 (3.485) | –15.580*** (3.056) | |||
| April 2021 # 30–49 | 2.451 (2.770) | –7.057** (2.338) | |||
| April 2021 # 50–64 | 1.303 (3.477) | –13.699*** (2.970) | |||
| June 2021 # 30–49 | –2.371 (2.211) | –2.776 (2.954) | –4.945* (2.383) | –2.242 (2.565) | |
| June 2021 # 50–64 | –4.651 (4.057) | 0.154 (3.644) | –10.993*** (2.989) | 0.579 (3.513) | |
| Aug. 2021 # 30–49 | –1.989 (2.203) | 0.471 (2.817) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # 50–64 | 5.306 (3.951) | 5.472 (4.447) | |||
| Wave and educ. int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Secondary | –1.512 (4.682) | –6.012* (2.632) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Higher education | 10.570 (6.453) | –3.504 (2.939) | |||
| April 2021 # Secondary | –3.702 (4.478) | –5.065* (2.553) | |||
| April 2021 # Higher education | 3.854 (6.078) | –1.307 (2.870) | |||
| June 2021 # Secondary | 4.189 (2.866) | –7.445 (4.729) | –7.566** (2.576) | 1.422 (2.588) | |
| June 2021 # Higher education | –1.352 (2.720) | 14.366* (6.003) | –4.069 (2.866) | –0.205 (3.105) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Secondary | –2.726 (2.763) | 0.982 (3.136) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Higher education | –0.959 (2.613) | 4.246 (3.479) | |||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 income int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Second | 1.038 (3.025) | 5.640 (3.442) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Third | 11.301* (5.759) | 4.480 (3.413) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Fourth | –4.460 (12.299) | 8.419* (3.767) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.139 (3.326) | 4.183 (3.804) | |||
| April 2021 # Second | –2.214 (2.852) | 2.415 (3.437) | |||
| April 2021 # Third | 10.096 (5.436) | –1.928 (3.299) | |||
| April 2021 # Fourth | –2.945 (12.066) | 0.653 (3.665) | |||
| April 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 3.324 (3.332) | 2.967 (3.931) | |||
| June 2021 # Second | –4.829 (3.228) | 8.106** (3.029) | 6.920* (3.377) | –0.615 (2.975) | |
| June 2021 # Third | 3.286 (3.669) | 8.283 (5.412) | –0.018 (3.258) | –0.324 (3.040) | |
| June 2021 # Fourth | –2.492 (3.821) | 11.746 (11.771) | 1.933 (3.625) | –3.205 (3.850) | |
| June 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | –1.512 (6.362) | 6.634 (3.486) | 4.312 (3.885) | –11.614* (4.745) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Second | –1.989 (3.147) | 16.392*** (4.389) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Third | 2.937 (3.513) | 7.342 (4.214) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Fourth | 0.746 (3.731) | 6.988 (4.156) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 4.859 (5.849) | –4.091 (5.073) | |||
| Constant | 47.683*** (2.890) | 47.582*** (3.688) | 39.858*** (4.390) | 38.147*** (3.266) | 43.726*** (3.348) |
| N (Obs.) | 3,182 | 3,849 | 1,484 | 4,590 | 2,148 |
| Pseudo R-sq. | 0.019 | 0.010 | 0.023 | 0.012 | 0.014 |
Table A8
OLS models of log hourly wages, main effects
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave (first wave omitted) | |||||
| Feb. 2021 | –0.145* (0.065) | 0.057 (0.044) | |||
| April 2021 | –0.274*** (0.061) | –0.085* (0.042) | |||
| June 2021 | 0.151*** (0.036) | 0.069 (0.062) | –0.052 (0.043) | 0.003 (0.040) | |
| Aug. 2021 | 0.131*** (0.037) | 0.172 (0.271) | |||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | |||||
| Non-wage | –0.284 (0.172) | –0.375*** (0.111) | 2.985* (1.163) | –0.241* (0.104) | –0.084 (0.259) |
| Formal private wage | –0.241*** (0.042) | –0.247*** (0.059) | 0.195 (0.424) | –0.088 (0.046) | –0.235*** (0.062) |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | –0.299*** (0.053) | –0.451*** (0.086) | –0.652 (0.456) | –0.150* (0.069) | –0.255*** (0.063) |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | –0.159* (0.065) | –0.401*** (0.064) | –0.084 (0.382) | –0.169** (0.055) | –0.021 (0.067) |
| Unemployed | –0.379** (0.140) | –0.647*** (0.122) | 1.117 (1.129) | –0.374*** (0.105) | 1.340* (0.577) |
| Out of LF | –0.499*** (0.121) | –0.274 (0.164) | 1.662 (1.862) | –0.665*** (0.085) | –0.248 (0.209) |
| Industry (services omitted) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.107 (0.065) | 0.176** (0.060) | –0.323 (0.356) | –0.134** (0.045) | 0.073 (0.057) |
| Construction | –0.029 (0.063) | 0.158* (0.069) | 0.510 (0.519) | –0.170** (0.060) | 0.078 (0.066) |
| Trade/retail | –0.082 (0.053) | 0.464*** (0.092) | 0.939* (0.430) | –0.237*** (0.066) | –0.037 (0.071) |
| Accommodations/food | –0.156* (0.073) | 0.099 (0.080) | 0.881 (0.583) | –0.214** (0.076) | –0.037 (0.087) |
| Sex (male omitted) | |||||
| Female | 0.198*** (0.040) | –0.016 (0.054) | –0.102 (0.343) | –0.043 (0.037) | 0.254*** (0.061) |
| Age group (years, 18–29 omitted) | |||||
| 30–49 | 0.127*** (0.034) | 0.029 (0.049) | 0.548 (0.301) | –0.086* (0.039) | 0.171*** (0.052) |
| 50–64 | 0.206** (0.067) | –0.018 (0.064) | 1.247* (0.495) | –0.019 (0.051) | 0.379*** (0.069) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | |||||
| Secondary | 0.024 (0.042) | 0.216** (0.070) | –0.905 (0.473) | 0.225*** (0.042) | 0.094 (0.052) |
| Higher education | 0.434*** (0.039) | 0.494*** (0.080) | –0.021 (0.507) | 0.502*** (0.046) | 0.176** (0.060) |
| Feb. 2020 wage quartile (first quartile omitted) | |||||
| Second | 0.132** (0.046) | 0.479*** (0.070) | 0.484 (0.439) | 0.130** (0.048) | 0.388*** (0.061) |
| Third | 0.446*** (0.047) | 0.529*** (0.070) | 0.884 (0.484) | 0.317*** (0.049) | 0.551*** (0.062) |
| Fourth | 0.710*** (0.051) | 0.946*** (0.066) | 1.453** (0.474) | 0.837*** (0.056) | 0.874*** (0.068) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.319** (0.104) | 0.468*** (0.086) | –0.975 (1.051) | 0.439*** (0.060) | 0.462*** (0.099) |
| N | 2,052 | 1,415 | 148 | 2,353 | 1,238 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.368 | 0.326 | 0.295 | 0.369 | 0.256 |
Table A9
OLS models of log hourly wages, models with wave interactions
| Jordan | Morocco | Sudan | Tunisia | Egypt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave (first wave omitted) | |||||
| Feb. 2021 | –0.486* (0.230) | 0.099 (0.184) | |||
| April 2021 | –0.544** (0.198) | –0.158 (0.170) | |||
| June 2021 | 0.306* (0.122) | –0.110 (0.221) | –0.436* (0.171) | 0.125 (0.181) | |
| Aug. 2021 | 0.405** (0.124) | 1.528 (1.336) | |||
| Feb. 2020 labor market status (public wage omitted) | |||||
| Non-wage | –0.227 (0.252) | –0.071 (0.201) | 4.598*** (1.319) | –0.368 (0.195) | –0.004 (0.274) |
| Formal private wage | –0.042 (0.071) | –0.539*** (0.129) | –0.583 (0.624) | 0.214* (0.089) | –0.157 (0.088) |
| Informal priv. wage in an est. | –0.304*** (0.090) | –0.604*** (0.161) | –2.403*** (0.661) | –0.164 (0.140) | –0.283** (0.087) |
| Informal priv. wage outside est. | –0.093 (0.101) | –0.745*** (0.139) | –0.882 (0.658) | 0.027 (0.112) | –0.037 (0.092) |
| Unemployed | 0.074 (0.209) | –0.600** (0.219) | 2.140 (1.241) | 0.143 (0.181) | 1.455* (0.585) |
| Out of LF | –0.392* (0.184) | –0.078 (0.281) | 2.958 (1.797) | –0.386* (0.152) | –0.143 (0.228) |
| Industry (services omitted) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.088 (0.125) | 0.566*** (0.142) | 1.246 (0.631) | –0.300*** (0.084) | 0.058 (0.081) |
| Construction | 0.193 (0.102) | 0.217 (0.139) | –0.319 (2.319) | –0.639*** (0.128) | 0.072 (0.087) |
| Trade/retail | –0.064 (0.088) | 0.653*** (0.186) | 1.161* (0.571) | –0.247 (0.144) | –0.094 (0.101) |
| Accommodations/food | –0.350** (0.136) | –0.063 (0.181) | 0.567 (0.903) | –0.596*** (0.165) | –0.218 (0.121) |
| Sex (male omitted) | |||||
| Female | 0.133 (0.072) | –0.152 (0.133) | 0.717 (0.569) | 0.062 (0.088) | 0.335*** (0.095) |
| Age group (years, 18–29 omitted) | |||||
| 30–49 | 0.234*** (0.060) | –0.040 (0.111) | –0.600 (0.643) | –0.215* (0.089) | 0.211** (0.072) |
| 50–64 | 0.179 (0.125) | –0.230 (0.136) | 0.129 (0.801) | –0.353** (0.112) | 0.453*** (0.092) |
| Education (basic or less omitted) | |||||
| Secondary | 0.109 (0.076) | 0.020 (0.149) | 0.980 (0.906) | –0.064 (0.093) | 0.166* (0.073) |
| Higher education | 0.428*** (0.073) | 0.722*** (0.213) | 2.252* (0.909) | 0.143 (0.109) | 0.187* (0.085) |
| Feb. 2020 wage quartile (first quartile omitted) | |||||
| Second | 0.136 (0.077) | 0.334* (0.133) | 0.922 (0.900) | 0.294** (0.097) | 0.317*** (0.085) |
| Third | 0.375*** (0.080) | 0.690*** (0.171) | 1.430 (0.852) | 0.383*** (0.095) | 0.561*** (0.086) |
| Fourth | 0.753*** (0.087) | 1.063*** (0.133) | 1.018 (0.846) | 1.277*** (0.114) | 0.861*** (0.097) |
| Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.720*** (0.196) | 0.188 (0.356) | 3.022 (1.998) | 0.158 (0.186) | 0.557*** (0.146) |
| Wave and Feb. 2020 labor market status int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Non-wage | –0.012 (0.294) | –0.151 (0.265) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Formal private wage | 0.431* (0.183) | –0.418** (0.130) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.162 (0.245) | –0.271 (0.201) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 0.398 (0.210) | –0.527*** (0.155) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Unemployed | 0.312 (0.325) | –1.140*** (0.272) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Out of LF | –0.817 (0.660) | –0.586** (0.216) | |||
| April 2021 # Non-wage | –0.818** (0.282) | 0.336 (0.267) | |||
| April 2021 # Formal private wage | 0.435* (0.170) | –0.431*** (0.127) | |||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.035 (0.227) | 0.132 (0.194) | |||
| April 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | 0.354* (0.180) | –0.273 (0.154) | |||
| April 2021 # Unemployed | –0.577 (0.306) | –0.410 (0.252) | |||
| April 2021 # Out of LF | –0.590 (0.369) | –0.206 (0.210) | |||
| June 2021 # Non-wage | 0.225 (0.363) | ||||
| June 2021 # Formal private wage | –0.317** (0.100) | 0.259 (0.184) | –0.394** (0.131) | –0.181 (0.124) | |
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | –0.080 (0.127) | 0.182 (0.291) | 0.125 (0.191) | 0.041 (0.126) | |
| June 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | –0.146 (0.151) | 0.409* (0.194) | –0.023 (0.159) | 0.014 (0.136) | |
| June 2021 # Unemployed | –0.680* (0.300) | ||||
| June 2021 # Out of LF | 0.000 (0.266) | ||||
| Aug. 2021 # Formal private wage | –0.257* (0.102) | 1.311 (0.903) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage in an est. | 0.056 (0.132) | 3.723*** (0.935) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Informal priv. wage outside est. | –0.073 (0.161) | 1.598 (0.833) | |||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 industry int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | –0.428* (0.184) | 0.050 (0.122) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Construction | –0.200 (0.217) | 0.620*** (0.173) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Trade/retail | –0.422 (0.262) | 0.001 (0.188) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.549* (0.249) | 0.411 (0.219) | |||
| April 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | –0.715*** (0.180) | 0.274* (0.122) | |||
| April 2021 # Construction | –0.195 (0.200) | 0.502** (0.171) | |||
| April 2021 # Trade/retail | –0.225 (0.259) | 0.092 (0.191) | |||
| April 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.141 (0.239) | 0.669** (0.217) | |||
| June 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | –0.008 (0.168) | –0.206 (0.189) | 0.419*** (0.124) | 0.036 (0.113) | |
| June 2021 # Construction | –0.402** (0.152) | 0.008 (0.191) | 0.702*** (0.175) | 0.015 (0.134) | |
| June 2021 # Trade/retail | 0.009 (0.126) | –0.186 (0.260) | 0.077 (0.199) | 0.121 (0.143) | |
| June 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.267 (0.181) | 0.096 (0.250) | 0.498* (0.228) | 0.383* (0.175) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Manufacturing and agriculture | 0.043 (0.162) | –2.494** (0.818) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Construction | –0.295* (0.150) | 0.950 (2.401) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Trade/retail | –0.098 (0.131) | –0.371 (0.845) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Accommodations/food | 0.309 (0.182) | –1.245 (1.331) | |||
| Wave and sex int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Female | 0.344 (0.189) | –0.081 (0.116) | |||
| April 2021 # Female | 0.143 (0.160) | –0.241* (0.111) | |||
| June 2021 # Female | 0.147 (0.098) | –0.059 (0.177) | 0.013 (0.112) | –0.166 (0.125) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Female | 0.049 (0.099) | –0.392 (0.718) | |||
| Wave and age int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # 30–49 | 0.166 (0.152) | 0.147 (0.119) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # 50–64 | 0.063 (0.201) | 0.390* (0.155) | |||
| April 2021 # 30–49 | 0.063 (0.148) | 0.135 (0.114) | |||
| April 2021 # 50–64 | 0.167 (0.185) | 0.419** (0.144) | |||
| June 2021 # 30–49 | –0.053 (0.083) | –0.027 (0.146) | 0.303* (0.119) | –0.089 (0.104) | |
| June 2021 # 50–64 | 0.291 (0.172) | 0.447* (0.184) | 0.504*** (0.152) | –0.158 (0.139) | |
| Aug. 2021 # 30–49 | –0.269** (0.084) | 2.261** (0.747) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # 50–64 | –0.135 (0.163) | 2.494* (1.032) | |||
| Wave and educ. int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Secondary | 0.377 (0.199) | 0.300* (0.127) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Higher education | –0.300 (0.278) | 0.450** (0.145) | |||
| April 2021 # Secondary | 0.157 (0.198) | 0.277* (0.120) | |||
| April 2021 # Higher education | –0.112 (0.261) | 0.445** (0.138) | |||
| June 2021 # Secondary | –0.245* (0.106) | 0.117 (0.223) | 0.462*** (0.124) | –0.146 (0.105) | |
| June 2021 # Higher education | 0.084 (0.098) | –0.378 (0.257) | 0.442** (0.138) | –0.003 (0.120) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Secondary | –0.013 (0.103) | –3.257** (1.050) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Higher education | –0.073 (0.097) | –4.093*** (1.091) | |||
| Wave and Feb. 2020 wage int. | |||||
| Feb. 2021 # Second | 0.357 (0.217) | –0.026 (0.140) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Third | –0.311 (0.225) | –0.115 (0.141) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Fourth | –0.113 (0.192) | –0.651*** (0.161) | |||
| Feb. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.052 (0.396) | 0.365 (0.216) | |||
| April 2021 # Second | 0.341 (0.186) | –0.207 (0.135) | |||
| April 2021 # Third | –0.013 (0.215) | 0.004 (0.133) | |||
| April 2021 # Fourth | –0.087 (0.186) | –0.647*** (0.155) | |||
| April 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | 0.778* (0.388) | 0.240 (0.215) | |||
| June 2021 # Second | –0.096 (0.110) | 0.062 (0.205) | –0.333* (0.134) | 0.137 (0.123) | |
| June 2021 # Third | 0.002 (0.113) | –0.333 (0.224) | –0.062 (0.134) | –0.042 (0.124) | |
| June 2021 # Fourth | –0.082 (0.125) | –0.085 (0.196) | –0.392* (0.158) | 0.007 (0.138) | |
| June 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | –0.456 (0.264) | 0.201 (0.394) | 0.111 (0.221) | –0.210 (0.200) | |
| Aug. 2021 # Second | 0.038 (0.112) | 0.305 (1.030) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Third | 0.166 (0.116) | 0.128 (1.061) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Fourth | –0.075 (0.124) | 0.746 (1.053) | |||
| Aug. 2021 # Don’t know/refused/missing | –0.749** (0.257) | –4.700* (2.302) | |||
| Constant | 0.359*** (0.089) | 0.448** (0.151) | –1.435 (1.163) | 0.258* (0.122) | –0.900*** (0.125) |
| N (Obs.) | 2,052 | 1,415 | 148 | 2,353 | 1,238 |
| R2 | 0.400 | 0.382 | 0.520 | 0.413 | 0.269 |