The distributional impact of the Sierra Leone conflict on household welfare

[i] Notes: “Change” denotes the difference in outcomes between the conflict and non-conflict affected zones; see Table 2 for the relevant sample sizes used to compute the relevant summary statistics. D-i-D1 and D-i-D2 are the raw difference-in-differences between 2003/1989 and 2011/1989; the 2003 and 2011 expenditure values were based on a new currency code introduced in Sierra Leone, which replaced the previous denomination in cents to Leones (Le). The ISO 4217 code introduced the currency change from 100 cents to 1 Le. This accounts for the change in absolute magnitudes reported in 2003 and 2011 compared to 1989.

[i] Notes: “Change” denotes the difference in standard deviations between the conflict and non-conflict affected zones;

[ii] D-i-D1 and D-i-D2 are the raw differences-in-difference between 2003/1989 and 2011/1989 respectively; n/a denotes not applicable.

Notes:

“Change” denotes the difference between conflict and non-conflict zones; bootstrapped standard errors with 250 replications are reported in parenthesis; D-i-D1 and D-i-D2 are the raw differences-in-difference between 2003/1989 and 2011/1989, respectively; n/a denotes not applicable; the significance levels are denoted as

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes:

The significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1;

see text for the definition of conflict zones used here.

[i] Notes: Standard deviations for continuous variables reported in parenthesis; conflict exposure refers to whether a household is located within the conflict-affected chiefdoms, defined as being subject to >8 years of rebel occupation.

Notes:

The estimates reported for (1) to (3) relate to the regression estimate $\widehat{\gamma }$ from Eq. (2). Specifically, the different regression results are based on the following: (1) OLS without regression weights; (2) OLS with the propensity score as regression weights; (3) the propensity score is included as an additional covariate in the regression; (4) uses the propensity score matching technique with the RIF-based Gini; (5) uses the inverse probability weighting technique with the RIF-based Gini. Standard errors are reported in parentheses; the significance levels are defined as:

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes:

Seventeen observations were trimmed from the QTT analysis for 1989 with propensity scores below 0.0001 and none from the two subsequent years. The treatment assignment equation contains the following controls: head of household age and its quadratic, head of household gender, head of household education and marital status, household size and it quadratic; household dependency ratio; the household's settlement type; and a selection of interaction variables (see Table A2.7 in Appendix II). Bootstrapped standard errors are reported in parentheses with 250 replications; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Note:

The conflict exposure measure is based on either an occupation of ≥7 years or whether or not the deaths per chiefdom were above the national median; the different regression results are based on the following: (1) OLS without regression weights; (2) OLS with the propensity scores as regression weights; (3) the propensity score is included as an additional covariate in the regression model; (4) uses the propensity score matching technique; (5) uses the inverse probability weighting technique. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes:

The treatment assignment equation contains the following controls: head of household age and its quadratic, head of household gender, head of household education and marital status, household size and it quadratic; household dependency ratio; the household's settlement type; and a selection of interaction variables. Bootstrapped standard errors are reported in parentheses with 250 replications; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes:

The treatment assignment equation contains the following controls: head of household age and its quadratic, head of household gender, head of household education and marital status, household size and it quadratic; household dependency ratio; the household's settlement type; and a selection of interaction variables. Bootstrapped standard errors are reported in parentheses with 250 replications; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Note:

The conflict measure is self-reported (see text). The estimates reported for (1) to (3) relate to the regression estimate ^ from Eq. (2). Specifically, the different regression results are based on the following: (1) OLS without regression weights; (2) OLS with the propensity score as regression weights; (3) the propensity score is used as an additional covariate in the regression model; (4) uses the propensity score matching technique; (5) uses the inverse probability weighting technique. Standard errors in parentheses; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes:

The conflict measure is self-reported (see text). The treatment assignment equation contains the following controls: head of household age and its quadratic, head of household gender, head of household education and marital status, household size and it quadratic; household dependency ratio; the household's settlement type; and a selection of interaction variables. Bootstrapped standard errors are reported in parentheses with 250 replications; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

[i] Notes: The null hypothesis is that the empirical distribution functions across treatment (conflict) and control (non-conflict) groups are equal. The “Distance” is the maximum vertical distance between the CDFs for the two groups and the prob-value is used to determine whether the distance is statistically significant.

Notes:

“Conflict exposure” is based on the period of rebel occupation of the chiefdom by time (see text); “Conflict event” is based on household self-reported status (see text); standard errors are reported in parentheses; significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

[i] Notes: % bias should lie in the interval [−5%, + 5%]; the variance ratio should lie within [0.5, 0.8) or (1.25, 2].

[i] Notes: % bias should lie in the interval [−5%, + 5%]; the variance ratio should lie within [0.5, 0.8) or (1.25, 2].

[i] Notes: %bias should lie in the interval [−5%, + 5%]; the variance ratio should lie within [0.5, 0.8) or (1.25, 2].

[i] Notes: Balancing property of “concern” if B > 25% with “bad” matching determined by whether R is outside the range [0.5; 2].

Notes:

“Conflict exposure” is based on the period of rebel occupation of the chiefdom by time (see text); standard errors are reported in parentheses; significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

[i] Notes: The null hypothesis is that the set of covariates are balanced across treatment and control groups.

Notes:

The significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1;

see text for the definition of conflict zones used here.

Notes:

Standard errors are reported in parentheses; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes: The treatment assignment equation contains the following controls: head of household age and its quadratic, head of household gender, head of household education and marital status, household size and it quadratic; household dependency ratio; the household's settlement type; and a selection of interaction variables. Bootstrapped standard errors are reported in parentheses with 250 replications; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes:

Standard errors are reported in parentheses; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes:

The treatment assignment equation contains the following controls: head of household age and its quadratic, head of household gender, head of household education and marital status, household size and it quadratic; household dependency ratio; the household's settlement type; and a selection of interaction variables. Bootstrapped standard errors are reported in parentheses with 250 replications; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Note:

The conflict exposure measure is based on a rebel occupation of ≥9 years interacted with whether or not the deaths per chiefdom were above the median; the different regression results are based on the following: (1) OLS without regression weights; (2) OLS with the propensity scores as regression weights; (3) the propensity score is included as an additional covariate in the regression model; (4) uses the propensity score matching technique; (5) uses the inverse probability weighting technique. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.

Notes:

The treatment assignment equation contains the following controls: head of household age and its quadratic, head of household gender, head of household education and marital status, household size and it quadratic; household dependency ratio; the household's settlement type; and a selection of interaction variables. Bootstrapped standard errors are reported in parentheses with 250 replications; the significance levels are denoted by

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05, and

* p < 0.1.