Table 1
Questionnaire modules
| Household | Individual |
|---|---|
|
|
[i] Source: Authors’ construction based on ELMPS 2018 questionnaire.
[ii] ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey.
Table 2
Status of 2012 households in 2018
| Number | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Initial households | 12,060 | 100.0 |
| Household located | 10,042 | 83.3 |
| Natural attrition | 252 | 2.1 |
| Household died out | 188 | 1.6 |
| Household left the country | 64 | 0.5 |
| Type I attrition | 1,766 | 14.6 |
| Household refused | 204 | 1.7 |
| Household found but not completed | 291 | 2.4 |
| Household not found | 1,271 | 10.5 |
| Type I attrition rate | 15.0 |
[i] Source: Authors’ calculations based on ELMPS 2012 and 2018.
[ii] ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey.
Table 3
Type I attrition logit model: odds ratios for probability of attrition
| Number of household members | |
|---|---|
| No. of Children 0–5 in HH | 0.938 (0.037) |
| No. of Children 6–14 in HH | 0.859*** (0.032) |
| No. of Males 15–64 in HH | 0.833*** (0.040) |
| No. of Females 15–64 in HH | 0.918 (0.045) |
| No. of Males 65+ in HH | 0.595** (0.095) |
| No. of Females 65+ in HH | 0.693** (0.090) |
| Single sex households (mixed sex omit.) | |
| All male | 1.543 (0.454) |
| All female | 1.407* (0.209) |
| Governorate (Cairo (urban) omit.) | |
| Alex. # urban | 1.811*** (0.197) |
| Port-Said # urban | 0.310** (0.114) |
| Suez # urban | 0.740 (0.156) |
| Damietta # urban | 0.654 (0.179) |
| Damietta # rural | 0.517*** (0.098) |
| Dakahlia # urban | 0.151*** (0.043) |
| Dakahlia # rural | 0.181*** (0.039) |
| Sharkia # urban | 0.628* (0.114) |
| Sharkia # rural | 0.225*** (0.047) |
| Kalyoubia # urban | 0.966 (0.168) |
| Kalyoubia # rural | 0.484*** (0.086) |
| Kafr-Elsheikh # urban | 0.414*** (0.101) |
| Kafr-Elsheikh # rural | 0.251*** (0.054) |
| Gharbia # urban | 0.830 (0.145) |
| Gharbia # rural | 0.219*** (0.048) |
| Menoufia # urban | 0.487** (0.117) |
| Menoufia # rural | 0.154*** (0.052) |
| Behera # urban | 0.287*** (0.074) |
| Behera # rural | 0.312*** (0.063) |
| Ismailia # urban | 0.658* (0.131) |
| Ismailia # rural | 0.223*** (0.052) |
| Giza # urban | 0.787 (0.123) |
| Giza # rural | 0.657* (0.117) |
| Beni-Suef # urban | 0.592** (0.117) |
| Beni-Suef # rural | 0.647* (0.118) |
| Fayoum # urban | 0.681 (0.135) |
| Fayoum # rural | 0.179*** (0.056) |
| Menia # urban | 0.314*** (0.079) |
| Menia # rural | 0.264*** (0.056) |
| Asyout # urban | 0.454*** (0.089) |
| Asyout # rural | 0.417*** (0.083) |
| Suhag # urban | 0.556** (0.114) |
| Suhag # rural | 0.137*** (0.036) |
| Qena # urban | 0.561* (0.128) |
| Qena # rural | 0.348*** (0.073) |
| Aswan # urban | 0.404*** (0.099) |
| Aswan # rural | 0.244*** (0.072) |
| Luxur # urban | 0.738 (0.266) |
| Luxur # rural | 0.427 (0.192) |
| Housing type (own or benefit omit.) | |
| Old rent | 1.352*** (0.104) |
| New rent | 2.636*** (0.272) |
| Head age (<25 omit.) | |
| 25–34 | 0.956 (0.145) |
| 35–44 | 1.012 (0.163) |
| 45–54 | 0.799 (0.138) |
| 55+ | 0.642* (0.114) |
| Head sex (male omit.) | |
| Female | 0.907 (0.160) |
| Head marital stat. (married omit.) | |
| Single | 0.392** (0.141) |
| Divorced | 0.608 (0.265) |
| Widow(er) | 1.177 (0.306) |
| Head marital stat. and sex int. | |
| Female # Single | 2.643 (1.384) |
| Female # Divorced | 2.210 (1.140) |
| Female # Widow(er) | 0.778 (0.246) |
| Head education (illit. omit.) | |
| Reads & Writes | 1.049 (0.142) |
| Less than Intermediate | 1.037 (0.100) |
| Intermediate | 1.075 (0.100) |
| Above Intermediate | 0.936 (0.154) |
| University | 1.326* (0.146) |
| Head labor mkt. status (Government employee omit.) | |
| Out of manpower | 1.589** (0.257) |
| Out of labor force | 0.974 (0.120) |
| Unemployed. | 0.848 (0.191) |
| Public enterp. | 1.133 (0.169) |
| Priv. formal wage | 1.018 (0.113) |
| Priv. inf. reg. wage | 1.065 (0.118) |
| Priv. irreg. wage | 0.872 (0.104) |
| Employer | 0.811 (0.096) |
| Self-emp./UFW ag. | 0.605 (0.181) |
| Self-emp./UFW non-ag. | 0.886 (0.111) |
| Wealth quintile (poorest omit.) | |
| Second | 0.896 (0.090) |
| Third | 0.883 (0.092) |
| Fourth | 1.045 (0.111) |
| Richest | 1.176 (0.136) |
| Constant | 0.564* (0.129) |
| Pseudo R-sq. | 0.122 |
| N (households) | 11808 |
Table 4
Status of individuals and split households in 2018, conditional on 2012 household being found
| Number | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Individuals present in 2012 in original households found in 2018 | 42,340 | 100.0 |
| Individuals still in original households in 2018 | 34,325 | 81.1 |
| Individuals no longer in original households in 2018 | 8,015 | 18.9 |
| Natural attrition through death and migration or leaving sample frame | 2,171 | 5.1 |
| Individuals known to have died | 1,497 | 3.5 |
| Individuals who emigrated or left for a gov. outside scope of survey | 552 | 1.3 |
| Individuals who moved to group housing | 122 | 0.3 |
| Individual splits to form households within Egypt | 5,844 | 13.8 |
| Potential split households (individuals who split together) | 4,598 | |
| Split households found | 3,751 | 81.6 |
| Split households not found (attrited) | 847 | 18.4 |
| Type II attrition rate | 18.4 | |
| Individuals from 2012 in split households found | 4,828 | 82.6 |
| Individuals from 2012 in split households not found (attrited) | 1,016 | 17.4 |
| Total individuals from 2012 who were found | 39,153 |
[i] Source: Authors’ calculations based on ELMPS 2012 and 2018.
[ii] ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey.
Table 5
Type II attrition logit model: odds ratios for probability of attrition
| Number of household members | |
|---|---|
| No. of Children 0–5 in HH | 0.088*** (0.047) |
| No. of Children 6–14 in HH | 0.002*** (0.002) |
| No. of Males 15–64 in HH | 0.009*** (0.007) |
| No. of Females 15–64 in HH | 0.032*** (0.021) |
| No. of Males 65+ in HH | 0.038** (0.047) |
| No. of Females 65+ in HH | 0.007*** (0.009) |
| Governorate (Cairo (urban) omit.) | |
| Alex. # urban | 0.210*** (0.053) |
| Port-Said # urban | 0.012*** (0.012) |
| Suez # urban | 0.028*** (0.015) |
| Damietta # urban | 0.050*** (0.032) |
| Damietta # rural | 0.083*** (0.034) |
| Dakahlia # urban | 0.069*** (0.027) |
| Dakahlia # rural | 0.053*** (0.016) |
| Sharkia # urban | 0.122*** (0.045) |
| Sharkia # rural | 0.100*** (0.028) |
| Kalyoubia # urban | 0.300** (0.111) |
| Kalyoubia # rural | 0.094*** (0.032) |
| Kafr-Elsheikh # urban | 0.049*** (0.026) |
| Kafr-Elsheikh # rural | 0.050*** (0.017) |
| Gharbia # urban | 0.172*** (0.058) |
| Gharbia # rural | 0.098*** (0.028) |
| Menoufia # urban | 0.072*** (0.032) |
| Menoufia # rural | 0.082*** (0.033) |
| Behera # urban | 0.086*** (0.036) |
| Behera # rural | 0.083*** (0.026) |
| Ismailia # urban | 0.123*** (0.043) |
| Ismailia # rural | 0.111*** (0.035) |
| Giza # urban | 0.245*** (0.071) |
| Giza # rural | 0.348*** (0.102) |
| Beni-Suef # urban | 0.086*** (0.034) |
| Beni-Suef # rural | 0.161*** (0.044) |
| Fayoum # urban | 0.015*** (0.011) |
| Fayoum # rural | 0.112*** (0.034) |
| Menia # urban | 0.072*** (0.028) |
| Menia # rural | 0.061*** (0.017) |
| Asyout # urban | 0.095*** (0.030) |
| Asyout # rural | 0.107*** (0.029) |
| Suhag # urban | 0.050*** (0.021) |
| Suhag # rural | 0.035*** (0.011) |
| Qena # urban | 0.106*** (0.040) |
| Qena # rural | 0.086*** (0.023) |
| Aswan # urban | 0.071*** (0.027) |
| Aswan # rural | 0.074*** (0.026) |
| Luxor # urban | 0.199* (0.146) |
| Luxor # rural | 0.125*** (0.069) |
| Housing type (own or benefit omit.) | |
| Old rent | 1.036 (0.159) |
| New rent | 3.021** (1.190) |
| Head age (<15 omit.) | |
| 15–24 | 0.075* (0.099) |
| 25–34 | 0.079 (0.104) |
| 35–44 | 0.115 (0.151) |
| 45+ | 0.127 (0.171) |
| Head sex (male omit.) | |
| Female | 0.269* (0.147) |
| Head marital stat. (married omit.) | |
| Single | 0.122*** (0.033) |
| Divorced/Widow(er) | 0.293* (0.175) |
| Head marital stat. and sex int. | |
| Female # Single | 1.640 (0.526) |
| Female # Divorced/Widow(er) | 0.837 (0.587) |
| Head education (illit. omit.) | |
| Reads & Writes | 1.355 (0.350) |
| Less than Intermediate | 1.131 (0.193) |
| Intermediate | 1.142 (0.201) |
| Above Intermediate | 1.811 (0.590) |
| University | 1.498 (0.334) |
| Head labor mkt. status (Government employee omit.) | |
| Out of manpower | 1.042 (0.832) |
| Out of labor force | 1.546 (0.377) |
| Unemployed. | 1.668 (0.444) |
| Public enterp. | 1.028 (0.498) |
| Priv. formal wage | 1.755 (0.526) |
| Priv. inf. reg. wage | 1.618 (0.432) |
| Priv. irreg. wage | 1.524 (0.432) |
| Employer | 1.612 (0.645) |
| Self-emp./UFW ag. | 0.677 (0.274) |
| Self-emp./UFW non-ag. | 1.203 (0.408) |
| Wealth quintile (poorest omit.) | |
| Second | 1.278 (0.174) |
| Third | 1.122 (0.163) |
| Fourth | 1.436* (0.223) |
| Richest | 2.125*** (0.363) |
| Constant | 7218.760*** (8790.485) |
| Pseudo R-sq. | 0.223 |
| N (households) | 4598 |
Table 6
Individuals present in various combinations of waves, 1998–2018
| Waves present | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| In 1998 & 2006 & 2012 | 3,073 | 3.6 |
| In 1998 & 2006 | 4,143 | 4.8 |
| In 1998 only | 6,636 | 7.7 |
| In 2006 & 2012 | 2,796 | 3.2 |
| In 2006 only | 4,227 | 4.9 |
| In 2012 only | 4,164 | 4.8 |
| In 1998 & 2006 & 2012 & 2018 | 10,145 | 11.8 |
| In 2006 & 2012 & 2018 | 12,756 | 14.8 |
| In 2012 & 2018 | 16,252 | 18.8 |
| In 2018 only | 22,078 | 25.6 |
| Total | 86,270 | 100.0 |
[i] Source: Author's calculations based on ELMPS 1998–2018.
[ii] Notes: An individual appears only once, in one category.
[iii] ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey.
Table 7
Refresher sample clusters by governorate, urban/rural location, and poor vs. non-poor
| Governorate | Urban | Rural | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | Non-poor | Total | Poor | Non-poor | Total | Poor | Non-poor | Total | |
| Cairo | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |||||
| Alexandria | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | |||||
| Port Said | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Suez | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Damietta | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
| Dakhalia | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 12 | |
| Sharkia | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 7 | |||
| Kalyoubia | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 9 | |
| Kafr-Elsheikh | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
| Gharbia | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | |||
| Menoufia | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 7 | |
| Behera | 2 | 2 | 14 | 2 | 16 | 14 | 4 | 18 | |
| Ismailia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
| Giza | 7 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 17 | |
| Beni-Suef | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 8 | |
| Fayoum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
| Menia | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 6 | |
| Asyout | 3 | 3 | 19 | 4 | 23 | 19 | 7 | 26 | |
| Suhag | 2 | 2 | 19 | 4 | 23 | 19 | 6 | 25 | |
| Qena | 2 | 2 | 15 | 5 | 20 | 15 | 7 | 22 | |
| Aswan | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 7 | |
| Luxor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Total | 60 | 60 | 100 | 40 | 140 | 100 | 100 | 200 | |
[i] Source: Authors’ calculations based on ELMPS 2018.
[ii] ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey.
Figure 1
Labor market status, as reported retrospectively for 2012 from 2018 data, by sex and contemporaneous status for 2012, individuals aged 20–44 years in 2012 and present in both waves (percentage).
Source: Authors’ calculations from ELMPS 2012 and ELMPS 2018 retrospective data. ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey.
Figure 2
Labor market status, as reported contemporaneously for 2012 and as reported retrospectively for 2012 from 2018 data, by sex, individuals aged 20–44 years in 2012 and present in both waves (percentage).
Source: Authors’ calculations from ELMPS 2012 and ELMPS 2018 retrospective data. ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey.
Figure 3
Comparison of household size (percentage of households), by data source.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2014 and 2017, ELMPS 2018, and Egypt Population Census 2017 Table 1–9 (CAPMAS, 2017). CAPMAS, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics; ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 4
Comparison of age distribution (percentage in 5-year age group), by data source.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2014, 2017, ELMPS 2018, and Egypt Census 2017 Table 1–2 (CAPMAS, 2017). CAPMAS, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics; ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 5
Comparison of age distribution, age in 2006 (percentage in 5-year age group), by data source.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2014, 2017, ELMPS 2018, and Egypt Census 2017 Table 1–2 (CAPMAS, 2017). CAPMAS, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics; ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 6
Marital status (percentage of individuals aged ≥18 years), by data source.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2014 and 2017, ELMPS 2018, and Egypt Census 2017 Table 1–10 (CAPMAS, 2017). CAPMAS, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics; ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 7
Educational attainment (percentage of individuals aged ≥10 years), by data source.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2014 and 2017, ELMPS 2018, and Egypt Census 2017 Table 1–3 (CAPMAS, 2017). CAPMAS, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics; ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 8
Labor force participation rate (percentage), by sex and data source, ages 15–64, 1998–2018.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2008–2017, ELMPS 1998–2018. LFS 2001–2007 from ILOSTAT (ILO, 2019). ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; ILO, International Labor Organization; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 9
Labor force participation rates (percentage) by sex, age, and data source.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2014, 2017, and ELMPS 2018.
Notes: Running mean smoother, bandwidth 0.4. ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFP, labor force participation; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 10
Employment rates (percentage) by sex and data source, ages 15–64, 1998–2018.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2008–2017, ELMPS 1998–2018. LFS 2001–2007 from ILOSTAT (ILO, 2019). ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; ILO, International Labor Organization; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 11
Employment rates (percentage) by sex, age, and data source.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2014, 2017, and ELMPS 2018.
Notes: Running mean smoother, bandwidth 0.4. ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 12
Structure of employment in terms of industry (agriculture vs. non agriculture) and employment status (wage vs. non-wage), by sex and data source, employed, ages 15–64, 2006–2018.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2008–2017 and ELMPS 2006, 2012, and 2018.
Notes: Bars at 2006, 2012, and 2018 from ELMPS. ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 13
Structure of employment by industry, sex, and data source, employed, not in agriculture, ages 15–64, 2006–2018.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2009–2017 and ELMPS 2006, 2012, and 2018.
Note: Trade is “Wholesale and retail trade.” Bars at 2006, 2012, and 2018 from ELMPS. ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 14
Unemployment rates (percentage) by sex and data source, ages 15–64, 1998–2018.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2008–2017, ELMPS 1998–2018. LFS 2001–2007 from ILOSTAT (ILO, 2019). ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; ILO, International Labor Organization; LFS, Labor Force Survey.
Figure 15
Unemployment rate (percentage) by sex, age, and data source.
Source: Authors’ calculations from LFS 2014, 2017, and ELMPS 2018.
Notes: Running mean smoother, bandwidth 0.5. ELMPS, Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey; LFS, Labor Force Survey.