Table 1
Summary statistics of the data (NT=1,648 observations)
| Variable | 1999 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | All-waves | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | CV | |
| Cereal output | 1,260 | 1,320 | 1,253 | 1,300 | 2,065 | 2,390 | 3,020 | 4,000 | 1,952 | 2,682 | 1.37 |
| Fertilizers | 107.8 | 115.1 | 88.0 | 140.9 | 81.0 | 104.3 | 179.0 | 166.2 | 116.1 | 139.0 | 1.19 |
| Agrochemicals | 26.9 | 71.5 | 23.7 | 77.0 | 114.7 | 461.5 | 336.7 | 675.5 | 133.9 | 447.0 | 3.34 |
| Labor | 316.3 | 423.9 | 266.2 | 290.7 | 170.8 | 241.4 | 593.9 | 1,222.2 | 342.6 | 714.0 | 2.08 |
| Machinery | 0.6 | 4.6 | 41.3 | 301.4 | 836.8 | 3,216.4 | 376.4 | 915.5 | 336.3 | 1,776.0 | 5.28 |
| Livestock | 5.7 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 0.91 |
| Land area | 1.5 | 1.1 | 4.9 | 22.6 | 2.8 | 14.2 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 12.4 | 4.77 |
| Oxen | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.78 |
Table 2
Estimates of the Parameters, Elasticities, TC, and RTS across Models (NT=1,648)
| Variables | TFE model | FE, KH, and KLH models | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | Elasticity | Estimate | SE | Elasticity | |
| Constant | 4.144*** | 0.457 | 4.678*** | 0.396 | ||
| Fertilizer | 0.089 | 0.067 | 0.012 | 0.064 | 0.080 | 0.004 |
| Agrochemicals | 0.096** | 0.050 | 0.066 | 0.108* | 0.059 | 0.071 |
| Labor | 0.344*** | 0.095 | −0.115 | 0.351*** | 0.114 | −0.116 |
| Machinery | −0.295*** | 0.064 | −0.324 | −0.290*** | 0.076 | −0.304 |
| Livestock | 0.225** | 0.106 | 0.275 | 0.197 | 0.126 | 0.247 |
| Oxen | 0.386 | 0.244 | 0.471 | 0.380 | 0.292 | 0.495 |
| Area | 0.013 | 0.113 | 0.276 | 0.067 | 0.132 | 0.322 |
| Fertilizer*Fertilizer | −0.003 | 0.015 | −0.002 | 0.018 | ||
| Agrochemicals*Agrochemicals | −0.001 | 0.012 | −0.005 | 0.014 | ||
| Labor*Labor | −0.031 | 0.019 | −0.035 | 0.023 | ||
| Machinery*Machinery | 0.062*** | 0.013 | 0.059*** | 0.016 | ||
| Livestock*Livestock | 0.125*** | 0.024 | 0.122*** | 0.028 | ||
| Oxen*Oxen | −0.217 | 0.185 | −0.218 | 0.222 | ||
| Area*Area | −0.124*** | 0.022 | −0.118*** | 0.026 | ||
| Fertilizer*Agrochemicals | −0.008 | 0.011 | −0.004 | 0.013 | ||
| Fertilizer*Labor | 0.013 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.025 | ||
| Fertilizer*Machinery | −0.003 | 0.012 | −0.002 | 0.014 | ||
| Fertilizer*Livestock | −0.099*** | 0.025 | −0.093*** | 0.029 | ||
| Fertilizer*Oxen | 0.112** | 0.056 | 0.103 | 0.066 | ||
| Fertilizer*Area | 0.126*** | 0.030 | 0.111*** | 0.035 | ||
| Agrochemicals*Labor | −0.007 | 0.016 | −0.012 | 0.020 | ||
| Agrochemicals*Machinery | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.013 | ||
| Agrochemicals*Livestock | 0.070*** | 0.024 | 0.067*** | 0.028 | ||
| Agrochemicals*Oxen | −0.107** | 0.044 | −0.104** | 0.053 | ||
| Agrochemicals*Area | −0.002 | 0.023 | −0.007 | 0.028 | ||
| Labor*Machinery | 0.071*** | 0.016 | 0.069*** | 0.019 | ||
| Labor*Livestock | 0.045 | 0.038 | 0.051 | 0.046 | ||
| Labor*Oxen | −0.098 | 0.080 | −0.104 | 0.096 | ||
| Labor*Area | −0.036 | 0.036 | −0.043 | 0.043 | ||
| Machinery*Livestock | 0.006 | 0.021 | 0.002 | 0.025 | ||
| Machinery*Oxen | 0.018 | 0.450 | 0.021 | 0.054 | ||
| Machinery*Area | −0.042* | 0.230 | −0.042 | 0.027 | ||
| Livestock*Oxen | −0.208** | 0.107 | −0.195 | 0.128 | ||
| Livestock*Area | −0.195*** | 0.058 | −0.193** | 0.070 | ||
| Oxen*Area | 0.326*** | 0.120 | 0.332** | 0.143 | ||
| Time (1=1999,...,4=2015) | 0.666*** | 0.139 | 0.686*** | 0.162 | ||
| Time*Time | 0.392*** | 0.048 | 0.356*** | 0.052 | ||
| Time*Fertilizer | −0.026** | 0.012 | −0.024* | 0.014 | ||
| Time*Agrochemicals | −0.011 | 0.009 | −0.010 | 0.011 | ||
| Time*Labor | −0.119*** | 0.018 | −0.114*** | 0.022 | ||
| Time*Machinery | −0.036** | 0.015 | −0.029* | 0.017 | ||
| Time*Livestock | −0.052** | 0.022 | −0.050** | 0.026 | ||
| Time*Oxen | 0.078* | 0.043 | 0.090* | 0.052 | ||
| Time*Area | 0.118*** | 0.026 | 0.114*** | 0.031 | ||
| RTS | 0.660 | 0.710 | ||||
| Rate of TC | 0.901 | 0.880 | ||||
[i] Notes: *p< 0.05, **p< 0.01, and ***p< 0.001 levels of significance.
FE (fixed effects), KH (Kumbhakar and Heshmati, 1995), KLH (Kumbhakar et al., 2014), TFE (Greene, 2005a), and TCs (technical changes).
Table 3
Frequency distribution of persistent and transient TEs
| TE-Interval (%) | Persistent TE | Transient TE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FE and KH models | KLH model | TFE model | KH model | KLH model | |
| 0−10 | 2.91 | 0 | 0 | 13.41 | 0 |
| 11−20 | 25.34 | 0 | 0 | 42.72 | 0.36 |
| 21−30 | 29.15 | 0 | 0 | 25.55 | 0.91 |
| 31−40 | 19.28 | 0 | 0 | 12.50 | 4.13 |
| 41−50 | 10.76 | 0 | 0.12 | 3.58 | 19.54 |
| 51−60 | 6.50 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 50.24 |
| 61−70 | 3.36 | 5.38 | 0.18 | 0.67 | 23.97 |
| 71−80 | 1.12 | 47.09 | 7.40 | 0.12 | 0.85 |
| 81−90 | 1.35 | 47.31 | 2.61 | 0.06 | 0 |
| 91−100 | 0.22 | 0 | 89.68 | 0 | 0 |
| Mean | 0.304 | 0.791 | 0.944 | 0.210 | 0.545 |
| Std. Dev. | 0.155 | 0.053 | 0.065 | 0.111 | 0.082 |
| Minimum | 0.054 | 0.567 | 0.427 | 0.020 | 0.105 |
| Maximum | 1.000 | 0.889 | 1.000 | 0.840 | 0.783 |
| Yearly mean of the transient efficiency | |||||
| 1999 | 0.964 | 0.213 | 0.550 | ||
| 2004 | 0.958 | 0.195 | 0.523 | ||
| 2009 | 0.941 | 0.215 | 0.559 | ||
| 2015 | 0.918 | 0.210 | 0.541 | ||
Figure 1
Distribution of persistent TE across different models, FE (left), KH (center), and KLH right).
Figure 2
Distribution of transient TE across different models, TFE (overall, left), KH (overall, center left), KLH (center right), and KH and KLH (transient, right).
Figure 3
The median, first, and third quartiles (middle, bottom, and top lines) of persistent and OTE in the TFE, KH, and KLH models.