Do immigrants pay a price when marrying natives? Lessons from the US time use survey

Grossbard, Shoshana Amyra; Vernon, Victoria

Do immigrants pay a price when marrying natives? Lessons from the US time use survey

IZA Journal of Development and Migration

Volume 11 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)

By:

Shoshana Amyra Grossbard and Victoria Vernon

Open Access

|Sep 2020

Figures & Tables

Coefficients in time use regressions, native women and their husbands

	Native women			Husbands of native women
	Work	Chores	Total work	Work	Chores	Total work

	1	2	3	4	5	6
Spouse immigrant	–4.3 [13.3]	5.3 [5.9]	1 [12.3]	11.9 [11.6]	–11.2 [4.0]***	0.7 [10.4]
Age	14.5 [2.4]***	–2.9 [1.4]**	11.7 [2.4]***	6.6 [2.7]**	–1.7 [1.5]	4.9 [2.7]*
Age-squared	–18.5 [2.6]***	4.4 [1.7]**	–14.1 [2.9]***	–10.2 [3.1]***	2.8 [1.8]	–7.4 [3.1]**
No high school degree	–91.3 [12.2]***	33.5 [7.7]***	–57.9 [10.5]***	–48.4 [14.0]***	1.9 [5.2]	–46.5 [15.0]***
Some college	27.3 [6.2]***	–12.9 [3.2]***	14.5 [5.9]**	14 [5.6]**	–0.9 [2.1]	13.1 [5.3]**
College degree	47 [7.7]***	–19.7 [3.3]***	27.4 [7.0]***	26.8 [7.0]***	–6.8 [2.7]**	20 [6.3]***
Graduate degree	95.1 [8.2]***	–32.9 [3.8]***	62.2 [6.5]***	36.2 [6.8]***	–12 [3.0]***	24.2 [5.6]***
Black	–13.3 [12.8]	–12.8 [7.3]*	–26.1 [13.4]*	–23 [11.9]*	–15.8 [6.7]**	–38.9 [10.8]***
Hispanic	4.9 [12.5]	–0.8 [5.6]	4.1 [10.4]	1.2 [12.1]	–5.5 [4.4]	–4.2 [11.0]
Asian	47.5 [23.7]*	–5.6 [9.3]	41.9 [21.2]*	–13.3 [19.9]	4.4 [7.5]	–8.8 [20.9]
Parents immigrants	–2.3 [12.3]	10.9 [9.5]	8.5 [9.8]	–27.9 [12.3]**	10.9 [4.0]***	–17 [12.4]
One parent immigrant	–6.7 [12.9]	1 [6.0]	–5.7 [9.9]	–1.6 [10.1]	–5.4 [4.4]	–7 [8.3]
Parents immigrants, spouse	–17.7 [13.5]	3.1 [9.3]	–14.6 [10.1]	19.6 [9.2]**	–4.9 [4.4]	14.7 [9.6]
One parent immigrant, spouse	–16 [10.4]	7 [8.3]	–9 [9.0]	9.1 [6.7]	–6.8 [5.4]	2.3 [6.5]
Age, spouse	–3.9 [3.3]	3.8 [1.9]**	–0.1 [2.7]	1.1 [2.9]	1.6 [1.2]	2.7 [2.9]
Age-squared, spouse	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]
Years of schooling, spouse	–6.5 [1.2]***	1.1 [0.7]	–5.4 [0.8]***	0.6 [1.0]	0.4 [0.5]	1 [0.8]
Black, spouse	40.5 [13.8]***	–16.4 [7.2]**	24.1 [13.9]*	–35.2 [15.5]**	–1.2 [7.1]	–36.3 [13.4]***
Hispanic, spouse	13.3 [6.1]**	4.9 [5.6]	18.2 [6.0]***	–17.7 [9.0]*	4.8 [5.1]	–12.9 [8.6]
Asian, spouse	16.5 [20.5]	–11.3 [11.9]	5.2 [17.9]	–5.9 [14.6]	–17.3 [7.0]**	–23.2 [17.5]
Number of children age 0–2	–60.4 [3.6]***	19.4 [1.9]***	–40.9 [2.9]***	–0.1 [5.2]	0.3 [1.9]	0.2 [4.7]
Number of children age 3–7	–42.6 [2.3]***	20.6 [1.6]***	–22 [2.2]***	–0.7 [2.8]	0.6 [1.2]	–0.1 [2.4]
Number of children age 8–17	–17.9 [2.0]***	14.5 [1.3]***	–3.4 [1.7]*	4.4 [2.5]*	1.8 [1.1]	6.2 [2.9]**
Adult age 18–69 present	–2.1 [6.6]	12.9 [3.0]***	10.8 [5.8]*	11.8 [5.0]**	3.4 [2.5]	15.3 [4.6]***
Elderly age 70+ present	–36.5 [16.5]**	3.9 [10.4]	–32.6 [16.8]*	–4.5 [24.6]	–8.6 [11.9]	–13.1 [19.0]
Metropolitan residence	–2.3 [4.7]	–11.3 [2.4]***	–13.5 [4.5]***	–11 [6.2]*	1.3 [2.6]	–9.7 [5.6]*
Log low skill immigrant share	9.8 [20.5]	7.3 [9.9]	17.1 [16.4]	34.8 [19.5]*	–3.1 [9.0]	31.7 [19.7]
Log unearned income	0 [0.7]	–1 [0.4]**	–1 [0.6]*	–1.1 [0.6]*	0.7 [0.2]***	–0.4 [0.5]
State median income/1,000	–1.8 [0.7]**	–0.1 [0.4]	–1.8 [0.8]**	0 [0.8]	–0.8 [0.4]**	–0.8 [0.7]

R²	0.21	0.06	0.17	0.3	0.07	0.25
N	31,284	31,284	31,284	28,102	28,102	28,102

Time use of native men and their wives: intermarriages with immigrants versus all-native marriages

	Native men			Wives of native men
	Work	Chores	Total work	Work	Chores	Total work

	1	2	3	4	5	6
A. Respondent’s controls
Spouse/self-immigrant	–0.8 [6.6]	–3.9 [4.1]	–4.7 [5.4]	–26.8 [15.0]*	24.5 [9.3]**	–2.3 [8.8]
R²	0.3	0.07	0.24	0.19	0.04	0.16

B. Full set of controls
Spouse/self-immigrant	13.1 [7.3]*	–5.3 [4.3]	7.8 [7.1]	–20.6 [14.5]	25.3 [9.2]***	4.7 [8.7]
R²	0.31	0.07	0.25	0.22	0.06	0.17

C. By immigrant citizenship status
US citizen	–6.4 [10.3]	5.8 [5.2]	–0.6 [9.6]	6.4 [15.3]	16.9 [9.6]*	23.3 [8.8]**
Not US citizen	35.4 [10.5]***	–17.9 [5.4]***	17.5 [10.3]*	–47.8 [16.5]***	33.8 [10.6]*** –	14 [13.4]
R²	0.31	0.07	0.25	0.22	0.06	0.17

D. By immigrant country
English speaking	–7.7 [24.1]	0.6 [12.4]	–7.1 [22.6]	–20.6 [23.5]	23.1 [21.6]	2.5 [20.0]
Non-English sp.	16.6 [8.9]*	–6.2 [4.8]	10.4 [7.9]	–20.6 [14.8]	25.7 [9.3]***	5.1 [8.6]
R²	0.31	0.07	0.25	0.22	0.06	0.17

E. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	2.5 [15.5]	5.8 [10.4]	8.2 [13.4]	–25.6 [24.3]	9.3 [15.9]	–16.3 [11.8]
Arrived aged 10–19	31.1 [14.9]**	–20.1 [5.9]***	11 [14.1]	4 [12.5]	9.5[8.6]	13.4 [11.1]
Arrived aged 20+	10.8 [10.6]	–4.3 [4.6]	6.5 [10.2]	–30.2 [20.5]	39.9 [10.9]***	9.7 [14.4]
R²	0.31	0.07	0.25	0.22	0.06	0.17

F. By second generation status
3+ gen native + spouse/self-immigrant	16.5 [10.2]	–3.4 [5.4]	13.1 [8.3]	–22.4 [16.9]	19.9 [7.9]**	–2.5 [12.1]
2nd gen native + immigrant same origin	2.7 [22.4]	–13.9 [8.7]	–11.2 [21.1]	–10.2 [18.9]	51.4 [19.7]**	41.3 [12.1]***
2nd gen native + immigrant diff origin	–53.1 [26.3]**	7.8 [15.2]	–45.3 [22.0]**	–74.3 [25.6]***	17.6 [10.6]	–56.7 [20.9]***
R²	0.3	0.07	0.24	0.21	0.06	0.17

N	28,282	28,282	28,282	31,354	31,354	31,354

Time use of native women and their husbands: intermarriages with immigrants versus all–native marriages

	Native women			Husband of native women
	Work	Chores + Care	Total work + Care	Work	Chores + Care	Total work + Care

	1	2	3	4	5	6
A. Full set of controls
Spouse/self-immigrant	–4.3 [13.3]	7.2 [7.1]	2.9 [9.6]	11.9 [11.6]	–17.3 [5.9]***	–5.4 [9.4]
R²	0.21	0.15	0.22	0.3	0.09	0.26

B. By immigrant citizenship status
US citizen	–8.1 [13.1]	5 [8.7]	–3.1 [7.9]	16 [15.4]	–20 [6.5]***	–4 [14.9]
Not US citizen	0.1 [16.4]	9.7 [8.5]	9.8 [14.6]	7.8 [14.4]	–14.7 [8.6]*	–6.8 [14.0]
R²	0.21	0.15	0.22	0.3	0.09	0.26

C. By immigrant country
English speaking	22 [23.8]	–5 [12.2]	16.9 [20.9]	–5.6 [16.5]	–1.5 [9.5]	–7.1 [15.4]
Non-English sp.	–10 [14.9]	9.8 [7.1]	–0.2 [11.6]	15.6 [13.2]	–20.6 [6.7]***	–5 [10.8]
R²	0.21	0.15	0.22	0.3	0.09	0.26

D. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	–12.9 [15.6]	2.4 [6.8]	–10.5 [14.0]	–7 [17.1]	–10.3 [8.6]	–17.3 [13.6]
Arrived aged 10–19	1.4 [21.6]	4.7 [9.9]	6.1 [16.6]	8.7 [15.0]	–14.9 [9.9]	–6.2 [15.8]
Arrived aged 20+	–2.9 [14.8]	11.6 [10.1]	8.7 [9.0]	23.4 [13.7]*	–22.3 [7.6]***	1.2 [11.3]
R²	0.21	0.15	0.22	0.3	0.09	0.26

E. By second generation status
3+ gen native + spouse/self-immigrant	–8.5 [14.1]	9.5 [6.8]	1 [10.3]	4.4 [12.6]	–8.9 [5.5]	–4.5 [11.5]
2nd gen native + immigrant same origin	–1.2 [21.8]	11.5 [13.5]	10.4 [12.5]	35.1 [19.1]*	–44.8 [10.3]***	–9.7 [16.9]
2nd gen native + immigrant diff origin	8.2 [27.4]	22.8 [23.2]	31.1 [15.6]*	39.4 [31.6]	–19.4 [18.3]	20 [21.0]
R²	0.21	0.15	0.22	0.3	0.09	0.26

N	31,284	31,284	31,284	28,102	28,102	28,102

Time use of immigrants: intermarriages with natives vs all-immigrant marriages

	Immigrant men			Immigrant women
	Work	Chores	Total work	Work	Chores	Total work

	1	2	3	4	5	6
A. Model with full set of controls
Spouse native	–2.9 [11.6]	–2.6 [5.9]	–5.5 [12.9]	10.3 [9.3]	–6.8 [6.7]	3.4 [8.2]
R²	0.32	0.09	0.28	0.19	0.12	0.17
N	6,116	6,116	6,116	6,862	6,862	6,862
B. By citizenship status
US citizen, spouse native	–0.6 [17.3]	–4 [5.1]	–4.6 [19.6]	5.5 [10.0]	0.1 [8.5]	5.6 [9.0]
Non-US citizen, spouse native	–5.9 [12.5]	–0.8 [11.8]	–6.7 [18.1]	16.5 [13.5]	–15.9 [8.2]*	0.6 [13.6]
R²	0.32	0.09	0.28	0.19	0.12	0.17
N	6,116	6,116	6,116	6,862	6,862	6,862
C. By country
English speaking, spouse native	–6.9 [20.9]	–1.7 [8.0]	–8.6 [18.4]	2.7 [30.4]	–7.4 [22.5]	–4.8 [24.7]
Non-English speaking, spouse native	–3.2 [12.4]	–2.8 [6.7]	–6 [13.3]	6.4 [8.4]	–5.1 [6.7]	1.3 [7.6]
R²	0.32	0.09	0.28	0.19	0.12	0.17
N	6,116	6,116	6,116	6,862	6,862	6,862
D. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	–7.3 [28.1]	5.3 [8.7]	–2 [24.9]	–16.9 [26.3]	–9.3 [19.9]	–26.2 [14.1]*
Arrived aged 10–19	–7.7 [15.7]	1.3 [10.4]	–6.4 [19.4]	30.9 [19.8]	–15.7 [9.9]	15.2 [17.8]
Arrived aged 20+	2.7 [14.3]	–9.1 [6.6]	–6.4 [14.8]	9.9 [14.5]	–1.3 [9.1]	8.6 [12.2]
R²	0.32	0.09	0.28	0.19	0.12	0.17
N	6,116	6,116	6,116	6,862	6,862	6,862
E. By second generation status
Spouse 3+ gen native	–11.7 [13.5]	13.4 [5.2]**	1.7 [12.8]	0.2 [18.1]	–12.4 [10.6]	–12.3 [15.1]
Spouse 2nd gen native of same origin	–1.4 [18.9]	–25.2 [9.8]**	–26.6 [17.6]	28.2 [15.6]*	10.6 [14.0]	38.9 [11.2]***
Spouse 2nd gen native of diff origin	9.5 [29.0]	–3.5 [20.7]	6 [25.4]	–59.1 [23.7]**	–8.8 [10.0]	–68 [20.4]***
Spouse from diff immigrant origin	–17.4 [19.7]	8.7 [9.9]	–8.7 [15.8]	–1.1 [17.0]	–15.6 [11.4]	–16.6 [13.1]
FLFP of own country of origin	0.3 [0.3]	0 [0.1]	0.4 [0.2]	1 [0.3]***	–0.7 [0.2]***	0.3 [0.3]
R²	0.32	0.09	0.28	0.19	0.12	0.17
N	6,035	6,035	6,035	6,742	6,742	6,742

Time use of native women and their husbands; two types of couples

	Native women			Husband of native women
	Work	Chores	Total work	Work	Chores	Total work

	1	2	3	4	5	6
DUAL EARNER COUPLES
A. By immigrant citizenship status
US citizen	11.4 [14.4]	9.9 [6.0]	21.3 [10.9]*	9.7 [20.2]	–9.5 [8.3]	0.2 [19.6]
Not US citizen	–9.2 [18.1]	14.9 [7.7]*	5.7 [16.2]	–13.2 [23.4]	–10 [7.0]	–23.3 [22.8]
R²	0.31	0.09	0.25	0.37	0.1	0.3

B. By immigrant country
English speaking	23.4 [25.0]	–6 [9.5]	17.4 [20.5]	–24.9 [26.7]	–10.3 [6.9]	–35.2 [26.7]
Non-English sp.	–3.3 [16.5]	16.7 [6.6]**	13.5 [13.3]	3.8 [21.4]	–9.6 [6.4]	–5.8 [18.9]
R²	0.31	0.09	0.25	0.37	0.1	0.3

C. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	–9.2 [21.7]	11.9 [8.3]	2.6 [19.3]	–6.4 [20.7]	0.2 [8.6]	–6.3 [17.4]
Arrived aged 10–19	11 [26.7]	19.7 [10.8]*	30.7 [19.4]	–3.7 [26.9]	–9.9 [10.1]	–13.6 [24.1]
Arrived aged 20+	3.6 [14.9]	7.6 [7.5]	11.2 [12.1]	2.2 [20.6]	–15.1 [7.6]*	–12.9 [19.4]
R²	0.31	0.09	0.25	0.37	0.1	0.3

D. By second generation status
3+ gen native + spouse/self-immigrant	–4.2 [15.4]	13.8 [6.4]**	9.6 [13.3]	–6 [24.4]	–1.2 [7.8]	–7.2 [20.4]
2nd gen native + immigrant same origin	20.1 [30.1]	4.8 [13.9]	24.9 [18.5]	12.2 [35.1]	–38.9 [8.6]***	–26.7 [32.3]
2nd gen native + immigrant diff origin	12 [14.7]	15.7 [11.8]	27.6 [11.6]**	1.6 [56.5]	–13.2 [22.7]	–11.6 [41.1]
R²	0.31	0.09	0.25	0.37	0.1	0.3

N	20,737	20,737	20,737	18,554	18,554	18,554

MALE EARNER COUPLES
E. By immigrant citizenship status
US citizen	–1.1 [4.3]	–22.9 [12.8]*	–24 [14.2]*	1.5 [14.8]	–10.5 [6.1]*	–9.1 [17.0]
Not US citizen	5.9 [7.8]	–25.9 [14.8]*	–20.1 [14.5]	–3.1 [23.3]	–0.3 [9.0]	–3.4 [20.9]
R²	0.03	0.07	0.07	0.38	0.1	0.31

F. By immigrant country
English speaking	–7 [1.4]***	3.3 [27.9]	–3.7 [28.0]	–4.1 [28.0]	–11.2 [11.5]	–15.3 [28.9]
Non-English sp.	3.6 [4.5]	–29.2 [13.1]**	–25.6 [13.8]*	–0.6 [17.1]	–3.9 [6.3]	–4.4 [14.8]
R²	0.03	0.07	0.07	0.38	0.1	0.31

G. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	–2.1 [4.9]	–31.9 [18.0]*	–34 [19.9]*	–41.6 [31.7]	7.6 [11.9]	–34 [32.2]
Arrived aged 10–19	12 [11.3]	–38.5 [20.0]*	–26.5 [19.5]	–14.7 [25.0]	–1.1 [13.4]	–15.8 [22.8]
Arrived aged 20+	–4.2 [4.2]	–6.5 [12.0]	–10.7 [12.7]	22.1 [15.6]	–12 [6.0]*	10 [16.1]
R²	0.03	0.07	0.07	0.38	0.1	0.31

H. By second generation status
3+ gen native + spouse/self-immigrant	–0.9 [3.2]	–16.9 [9.2]*	–17.8 [9.7]*	0.7 [23.4]	–4.4 [7.6]	–3.7 [23.4]
2nd gen native + immigrant same origin	9.6 [10.3]	–36.4 [23.0]	–26.8 [26.7]	–3.6 [23.5]	–13.6 [10.7]	–17.2 [26.6]
2nd gen native + immigrant diff origin	–3.4 [6.7]	–44.8 [23.4]*	–48.2 [23.6]**	–4.4 [40.0]	10.1 [18.3]	5.6 [43.7]
R²	0.03	0.07	0.06	0.38	0.1	0.31

N	7,425	7,425	7,425	6,968	6,968	6,968

Time use of native women and their husbands: intermarriages with immigrants versus all-native marriages

	Native women			Husband of native women
	Work	Chores	Total work	Work	Chores	Total work

	1	2	3	4	5	6
A. Respondent’s controls
Spouse/self-immigrant	1.4 [13.7]	7.8 [6.2]	9.3 [10.8]	17.4 [11.3]	–12.5 [4.0]***	4.8 [10.3]
R²	0.19	0.04	0.16	0.3	0.07	0.24

B. Full set of controls
Spouse/self-immigrant	–4.3 [13.3]	5.3 [5.9]	1 [12.3]	11.9 [11.6]	–11.2 [4.0]***	0.7 [10.4]
R²	0.22	0.06	0.17	0.31	0.07	0.25

C. By immigrant citizenship status
US citizen	–8.1 [13.1]	6.3 [5.9]	–1.8 [11.0]	16 [15.4]	–13.2 [5.2]**	2.8 [15.6]
Not US citizen	0.1 [16.4]	4.2 [7.9]	4.3 [16.1]	7.8 [14.4]	–9.1 [7.4]	–1.3 [14.3]
R²	0.22	0.06	0.17	0.31	0.07	0.25

D. By immigrant country
English speaking	22 [23.8]	–0.1 [8.4]	21.9 [20.1]	–5.6 [16.5]	–14 [5.7]**	–19.6 [15.6]
Non-English sp.	–10 [14.9]	6.5 [6.1]	–3.5 [14.5]	15.6 [13.2]	–10.6 [4.9]**	5 [11.9]
R²	0.22	0.06	0.17	0.31	0.07	0.25

E. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	–12.9 [15.6]	3.2 [6.7]	–9.7 [16.1]	–7 [17.1]	2.6 [6.4]	–4.4 [14.5]
Arrived aged 10–19	1.4 [21.6]	6.1 [12.1]	7.5 [16.8]	8.7 [15.0]	–11.5 [8.6]	–2.8 [15.8]
Arrived aged 20+	–2.9 [14.8]	6 [6.1]	3.1 [13.2]	23.4 [13.7]*	–17.9 [5.0]***	5.6 [13.1]
R²	0.22	0.06	0.17	0.31	0.07	0.25

F. By second generation status
3+ gen native + spouse/self-immigrant	–8.5 [14.1]	7.8 [5.7]	–0.7 [13.7]	4.4 [12.6]	–4 [3.5]	0.4 [11.6]
2nd gen native + immigrant same origin	–1.2 [21.8]	4.6 [13.2]	3.5 [13.2]	35.1 [19.1]*	–34.6 [8.9]***	0.5 [17.4]
2nd gen native + immigrant diff origin	8.2 [27.4]	11.9 [15.6]	20.1 [14.4]	39.4 [31.6]	–12.4 [18.2]	27 [25.6]
R²	0.21	0.06	0.17	0.3	0.07	0.25

N	31,284	31,284	31,284	28,102	28,102	28,102

Regions of origin with corresponding countries

Regions	Countries included in the region
Eastern Europe, former Soviet Union, Israel	Israel, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia ,Serbia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Montenegro, Europe and Central Asia, Central Europe and the Baltics, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Western Europe	Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
China, other Asia	Bhutan, Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, Koreas, Nepal, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Mongolia, South Asia, Philippines
India, Bangladesh, Pakistan	Bangladesh, India, Pakistan
Turkey, Middle East, North Africa	Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Kuwait, Jordan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco
Mexico	Mexico
Central and South America	Cuba, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Dominican Republic, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Africa, the Caribbean*	Cameroon, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Belize, Virgin Islands, Bahamas, Barbados, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana
Canada, UK, Australia ,New Zealand	Canada, UK, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia and Oceania

Time use of native men and their wives: intermarriages with immigrants versus all–native marriages

	Native men			Wives of native men
	Work	Chores + Care	Total work + Care	Work	Chores + Care	Total work + Care

	1	2	3	4	5	6
A. Full set of controls
Spouse/self-immigrant	13.1 [7.3]*	–9.4 [5.4]*	3.7 [7.8]	–20.6 [14.5]	34 [13.5]**	13.4 [7.9]*
R²	0.3	0.09	0.26	0.21	0.15	0.22

B. By immigrant citizenship status
US citizen	–6.4 [10.3]	5.9 [5.9]	–0.5 [9.9]	6.4 [15.3]	19.2 [12.7]	25.6 [8.2]***
Not US citizen	35.4 [10.5]***	–27 [7.3]***	8.5 [11.2]	–47.8 [16.5]***	49 [15.8]***	1.2 [12.5]
R²	0.3	0.09	0.26	0.21	0.15	0.22

C. By immigrant country
English speaking	–7.7 [24.1]	–2.4 [11.8]	–10.1 [21.1]	–20.6 [23.5]	46.5 [22.8]**	25.8 [17.1]
Non–English sp.	16.6 [8.9]*	–10.6 [6.2]*	6 [9.6]	–20.6 [14.8]	31.8 [13.5]**	11.1 [8.2]
R²	0.3	0.09	0.26	0.21	0.15	0.22

D. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	2.5 [15.5]	0.7 [13.1]	3.1 [17.1]	–25.6 [24.3]	22.5 [24.1]	–3.1 [10.4]
Arrived aged 10–19	31.1 [14.9]**	–24.5 [7.4]***	6.7 [15.1]	4 [12.5]	3.2 [12.7]	7.1 [12.6]
Arrived aged 20+	10.8 [10.6]	–8 [5.1]	2.8 [10.0]	–30.2 [20.5]	53.9 [14.9]***	23.7 [12.6]*
R²	0.3	0.09	0.26	0.21	0.15	0.22

E. By second generation status
3+ gen native + spouse/self-immigrant	16.5 [10.2]	–7.3 [6.8]	9.2 [8.1]	–22.4 [16.9]	31.2 [12.9]**	8.8 [11.1]
2nd gen native + immigrant same origin	2.7 [22.4]	–22.9 [10.5]**	–20.1 [19.9]	–10.2 [18.9]	45.5 [23.5]*	35.3 [11.9]***
2nd gen native + immigrant diff origin	–53.1 [26.3]**	16.4 [13.0]	–36.6 [22.7]	–74.3 [25.6]***	35.4 [21.7]	–38.9 [32.3]
R²	0.3	0.09	0.26	0.21	0.15	0.22

N	28,282	28,282	28,282	31,354	31,354	31,354

OLS Coefficients in time use regressions, native men and wives of native men

	Native men			Wives of native men
	Work	Chores	Total work	Work	Chores	Total work

	1	2	3	4	5	6
Spouse immigrant	13.1 [7.3]*	–5.3 [4.3]	7.8 [7.1]	–20.6 [14.5]	25.3 [9.2]***	4.7 [8.7]
Age	6.5 [2.6]**	–0.8 [1.6]	5.8 [2.7]**	15.2 [2.4]***	–3.2 [1.4]**	12 [2.3]***
Age-squared	–9.8 [3.0]***	1.9 [1.8]	–7.9 [3.1]**	–19.5 [2.7]***	4.9 [1.7]***	–14.7 [2.9]***
No high school degree	–57.4 [13.2]***	2.5 [5.5]	–55 [14.1]***	–89.1 [12.0]***	37.4 [8.1]***	–51.7 [10.9]***
Some college	10.5 [4.9]**	–0.8 [2.2]	9.6 [4.5]**	27.2 [6.1]***	–13.9 [3.5]***	13.2 [5.5]**
College degree	27.7 [7.0]***	–8.3 [2.5]***	19.4 [5.9]***	48.5 [8.1]***	–21.3 [3.3]***	27.2 [7.3]***
Graduate degree	36.2 [7.1]***	–12.6 [3.1]***	23.5 [5.8]***	93.7 [8.2]***	–34.6 [4.0]***	59.1 [6.4]***
Black	–21.9 [11.6]*	–17.3 [6.8]**	–39.3 [10.7]***	–10.7 [12.6]	–12.8 [8.4]	–23.5 [13.5]*
Hispanic	2 [12.0]	–5 [4.6]	–3 [10.6]	1.9 [12.8]	0.5 [6.6]	2.3 [10.0]
Asian	35.5 [16.4]**	–10.1 [8.4]	25.3 [20.6]	22.6 [15.5]	–8.6 [9.4]	14 [13.9]
Parents immigrants	–37 [13.6]***	5 [4.4]	–32 [12.7]**	–9.1 [11.6]	10.8 [8.1]	1.8 [10.5]
One parent immigrant	–4 [10.4]	–3.4 [4.9]	–7.5 [8.0]	–4.6 [13.2]	2 [6.3]	–2.6 [10.6]
Parents immigrants, spouse	15.7 [21.9]	0.8 [5.4]	16.5 [18.7]	–22.7 [13.3]*	5.6 [6.3]	–17.1 [10.0]*
One parent immigrant, spouse	5.3 [7.6]	–4.2 [5.2]	1.1 [5.8]	–13.5 [9.4]	8.7 [7.9]	–4.8 [8.6]
Age, spouse	1.3 [2.8]	0.8 [1.4]	2 [2.9]	–3.5 [2.8]	3.9 [1.9]**	0.4 [2.3]
Age-squared, spouse	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]	0 [0.0]
Years of schooling, spouse	0.4 [1.0]	0.4 [0.5]	0.9 [0.8]	–6.7 [1.2]***	1.1 [0.6]*	–5.6 [0.8]***
Black, spouse	–38.3 [14.5]**	–0.2 [6.9]	–38.5 [12.9]***	37.5 [13.8]***	–18.2 [7.7]**	19.4 [13.4]
Hispanic, spouse	–7.9 [8.8]	3.5 [3.1]	–4.4 [9.2]	21.2 [7.8]***	5.3 [5.2]	26.5 [7.1]***
Asian, spouse	–29.7 [22.4]	–1.1 [6.9]	–30.8 [19.7]	47.9 [26.2]*	–5.4 [14.4]	42.6 [20.3]**
Number of children age 0–2	–0.4 [4.9]	1.6 [2.0]	1.2 [4.5]	–61.6 [3.1]***	19.2 [1.6]***	–42.4 [2.8]***
Number of children age 3–7	–1.2 [2.7]	0.2 [1.2]	–1 [2.3]	–42 [2.3]***	21.1 [1.5]***	–20.9 [1.9]***
Number of children age 8–17	3.7 [2.7]	1.8 [1.0]*	5.4 [3.0]*	–18.1 [1.9]***	14.9 [1.3]***	–3.2 [1.7]*
Adult age 18–69 present	13.8 [5.5]**	2.9 [2.7]	16.7 [5.0]***	–1.8 [6.2]	13.2 [3.2]***	11.4 [5.2]**
Elderly age 70+ present	–15.7 [24.5]	–3.7 [12.9]	–19.4 [19.2]	–36 [15.8]**	4.1 [9.7]	–31.9 [15.8]**
Metropolitan residence	–9.6 [6.3]	1.9 [2.7]	–7.7 [5.7]	–1.7 [4.8]	–11.8 [2.4]***	–13.5 [4.5]***
Log low skill immigrant share	41.8 [18.1]**	–4.6 [8.8]	37.3 [18.3]**	7.5 [18.2]	5 [9.6]	12.6 [14.7]
Log unearned income	–0.9 [0.6]	0.7 [0.2]***	–0.2 [0.5]	–0.1 [0.7]	–0.8 [0.3]**	–0.9 [0.6]
State median income/1,000	0.5 [0.7]	–0.5 [0.4]	–0.1 [0.6]	–2 [0.7]***	–0.1 [0.4]	–2.1 [0.7]***

R²	0.3	0.07	0.24	0.21	0.06	0.17
N	28,282	28,282	28,282	31,354	31,354	31,354

Sample means, married immigrants aged 20–60, ATUS 2003–18

	Immigrant men, N = 6,117		Immigrant women, N = 6,864
	Wife immigrant	Wife native	Husband immigrant	Husband native
Age	41.7	40.7	39.1	39.3
Black	0.067	0.083	0.059	0.039
Hispanic	0.570	0.481	0.567	0.386
Asian	0.221	0.085	0.247	0.222
No high school degree	0.335	0.160	0.299	0.085
High school degree	0.355	0.330	0.300	0.096
Some college	0.116	0.187	0.132	0.240
College degree	0.162	0.219	0.192	0.278
Graduate degree	0.145	0.178	0.128	0.164
Parents immigrants (native sp)	0.000	0.258	0.000	0.216
One parent immigrant (native sp)	0.000	0.137	0.000	0.113
Metropolitan residence	0.950	0.927	0.949	0.931
Presence of own children	0.72	0.64	0.74	0.63
Number of children age 0–17	1.57	1.32	1.59	1.23
Adult age 18–69 present	0.32	0.22	0.31	0.15
Elderly age 70+ present	0.032	0.041	0.036	0.022
Low skill immigrant share	0.132	0.129	0.136	0.128
Household income	67,337	97,423	69,409	96,712
Employed	0.900	0.910	0.540	0.636
Spouse employed	0.511	0.666	0.886	0.886
Wage, if >0	25.1	31.8	20.8	26.8
Sp. wage, if >0	22.2	28.9	26.7	35.3
Non-US citizen	0.604	0.499	0.636	0.486
Non-US citizen, spouse	0.654	0.000	0.596	0.000
English-sp country	0.020	0.136	0.016	0.114
Arrived age 0–9	0.063	0.252	0.073	0.235
Arrived aged 10–19	0.288	0.314	0.264	0.247
Arrived aged 20+	0.648	0.434	0.663	0.518
Years since migration	18.1	23.1	16.1	20.4
Weekend day	0.293	0.333	0.302	0.301
Sample sizes by origin
Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand	127	182	103	190
Eastern Europe, FSU, Israel	206	49	250	83
Western Europe	103	135	92	165
China, other Asia	692	75	754	289
India, Bangladesh, Pakistan	585	29	609	28
Turkey, Middle East, North Africa	264	48	252	59
Mexico	1,700	298	1,902	283
Central and South America	973	213	1,147	282
Africa, Caribbean Islands	329	109	307	69
Total	4,979	1,138	5,416	1,448
Time use, daily min
Work	379	354	170	201
Chores	74	77	214	174
Total work	453	431	384	375

Time use of native men and their wives; dual earner and male earner couples

	Native men			Wives of native men
	Work	Chores	Total work	Work	Chores	Total work

	1	2	3	4	5	6
DUAL EARNER COUPLES
A. By immigrant citizenship status
US citizen	–7.3 [10.8]	4.6 [4.4]	–2.7 [10.6]	23.1 [17.0]	–2.3 [9.9]	20.8 [10.9]*
Not US citizen	19.9 [13.0]	–10.9 [8.3]	9 [13.3]	1 [18.1]	6.7 [7.9]	7.6 [18.6]
R²	0.37	0.1	0.3	0.31	0.09	0.25

B. By immigrant country
English speaking	21.3 [20.6]	1.1 [17.4]	22.4 [18.3]	–11.9 [23.4]	–7.1 [15.0]	–19 [19.7]
Non-English sp.	0.6 [9.9]	–2.2 [4.0]	–1.6 [9.3]	17.9 [13.1]	3.1 [8.5]	20.9 [10.5]*
R²	0.37	0.1	0.3	0.31	0.09	0.25

C. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	31.2 [15.6]*	–5.2 [7.1]	26 [15.0]*	–14.6 [32.1]	–2.1 [16.4]	–16.7 [19.0]
Arrived aged 10–19	–9.6 [15.3]	–11.6 [6.8]*	–21.3 [17.0]	46.6 [16.2]***	–9.2 [11.0]	37.3 [15.2]**
Arrived aged 20+	–3.8 [13.5]	4.8 [7.5]	1 [14.0]	11.2 [18.9]	8.9 [8.6]	20.1 [15.8]
R²	0.37	0.1	0.3	0.31	0.09	0.25

D. By second generation status
3+ gen native + spouse/self-immigrant	–1.4 [12.3]	–2.9 [5.4]	–4.3 [10.2]	1.3 [15.1]	–2 [7.7]	–0.7 [11.1]
2nd gen native + immigrant same origin	27.7 [22.4]	–7.2 [13.4]	20.5 [20.3]	56.6 [19.2]***	19.6 [13.3]	76.2 [19.2]***
2nd gen native + immigrant diff origin	–0.6 [32.0]	23.3 [23.7]	22.7 [28.6]	28.5 [37.0]	–7.8 [18.5]	20.7 [28.7]
R²	0.37	0.1	0.3	0.31	0.09	0.25

N	18,635	18,635	18,635	20,719	20,719	20,719

MALE EARNER COUPLES
E. By immigrant citizenship status
US citizen	–6.1 [20.7]	7.6 [7.7]	1.5 [21.5]	–2.5 [2.8]	50.6 [15.2]***	48.1 [16.2]***
Not US citizen	56.2 [19.4]***	–17.1 [6.6]**	39.1 [19.0]**	–4.1 [4.3]	38 [13.2]***	33.9 [12.2]***
R²	0.37	0.11	0.31	0.03	0.07	0.07

F. By immigrant country
English speaking	–30.7 [27.6]	–13 [10.4]	–43.7 [21.9]*	–1.5 [4.0]	49 [50.0]	47.4 [50.1]
Non-English sp.	38.2 [16.1]**	–5.2 [5.6]	33 [14.5]**	–3.9 [2.6]	41.3 [11.3]***	37.4 [10.8]***
R²	0.37	0.11	0.31	0.03	0.07	0.07

G. By immigrant age at arrival
Arrived age 0–9	–46 [18.3]**	8 [9.3]	–38 [19.1]*	–7.5 [2.6]***	18 [23.2]	10.5 [22.9]
Arrived aged 10–19	88.5 [28.7]***	–21.6 [7.9]***	67 [24.7]***	–6.9 [2.4]***	16.8 [11.7]	9.9 [12.7]
Arrived aged 20+	34.5 [18.2]*	–6.2 [6.5]	28.3 [16.5]*	–0.3 [4.1]	64.9 [15.8]***	64.6 [14.8]***
R²	0.37	0.11	0.31	0.03	0.07	0.07

H. By second generation status
3+ gen native + spouse/self-immigrant	35.1 [15.7]**	–1.9 [6.6]	33.1 [14.8]**	–0.3 [3.8]	40.2 [12.4]***	39.8 [12.2]***
2nd gen native + immigrant same origin	21.9 [34.6]	–25.2 [10.5]**	–3.4 [36.3]	–11.6 [5.9]*	75.9 [37.0]**	64.3 [35.6]*
2nd gen native + immigrant diff origin	–27.1 [39.3]	–0.4 [18.4]	–27.4 [41.9]	–9.2 [4.6]*	–23.7 [30.3]	–32.8 [30.8]
R²	0.37	0.11	0.31	0.03	0.08	0.07

N	7,038	7,038	7,038	7,528	7,528	7,528

Sample means, married respondents aged 20-60, ATUS 2003–18

	Native men		Wives of native men		Native women		Husbands of native women
	Wife native	Wife immigrant	Native	Immigrant	Husband native	Husband immigrant	Native	Immigrant
Age	43.7	42.7	41.9	39.4	41.9	38.4	43.7	40.9
Black	0.077	0.076	0.068	0.038	0.068	0.064	0.077	0.082
Hispanic	0.051	0.259	0.049	0.390	0.049	0.388	0.051	0.486
Asian	0.006	0.030	0.007	0.221	0.007	0.040	0.006	0.079
No high school degree	0.053	0.073	0.038	0.088	0.038	0.087	0.053	0.164
High school degree	0.305	0.223	0.271	0.234	0.271	0.258	0.305	0.258
Some college	0.261	0.247	0.286	0.239	0.286	0.252	0.261	0.184
College degree	0.246	0.257	0.268	0.279	0.268	0.241	0.246	0.218
Graduate degree	0.135	0.200	0.137	0.161	0.137	0.161	0.135	0.176
Parents immigrants (native sp)	0.024	0.196	0.023	0.218	0.021	0.285	0.024	0.254
One parent immigrant (native sp)	0.036	0.106	0.036	0.111	0.038	0.127	0.037	0.134
Metropolitan residence	0.789	0.937	0.792	0.931	0.792	0.922	0.789	0.924
Presence of own children	0.55	0.59	0.55	0.63	0.55	0.69	0.55	0.64
Number of children age 0–17	1.12	1.13	1.10	1.23	1.10	1.40	1.12	1.33
Adult age 18–69 present	0.20	0.19	0.20	0.15	0.20	0.21	0.20	0.22
Elderly age 70+ present	0.015	0.031	0.019	0.023	0.019	0.017	0.015	0.042
Low skill immigrant share	0.083	0.121	0.084	0.128	0.084	0.126	0.083	0.129
Household income	96,881	100,027	95,610	96,408	95,610	88,676	96,881	96,828
Employed	0.897	0.892	0.743	0.633	0.743	0.702	0.897	0.914
Spouse employed	0.729	0.648	0.885	0.883	0.885	0.895	0.729	0.662
Wage, if >0	31.4	33.2	24.6	26.6	24.6	25.2	31.4	31.3
Sp. wage, if >0	26.9	27.7	31.8	35.1	31.8	29.8	26.9	28.5
Non-US citizen (immig sp)		0.446		0.483		0.475		0.503
English-sp country (immig sp)		0.111		0.117		0.138		0.140
Arrived age 0–9 (immig sp)		0.235		0.234		0.261		0.247
Arrived aged 10–19 (immig sp)		0.209		0.248		0.310		0.316
Arrived aged 20+ (immig sp)		0.445		0.518		0.291		0.437
Weekend day	0.296	0.297	0.295	0.300	0.295	0.315	0.296	0.336
Sample sizes by origin
Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand		144		190		206		182
Eastern Europe, former the Soviet Union, Israel		81		83		55		49
Western Europe		120		165		140		135
China, other Asia		282		289		100		75
India, Bangladesh, Pakistan		25		28		29		29
Turkey, Middle East, N. Africa		70		59		71		48
Mexico		267		283		384		298
Central and South America		260		282		283		213
Africa, Caribbean Islands		69		69		110		109
Total	26,964	1,318	29,906	1,448	29,906	1,378	26,964	1,138
Time use, daily min
Work	357	357	227	200	228	219	357	354
Chores	91	85	151	174	151	157	131	77
Total work	448	442	378	374	378	376	448	431