Intragenerational labor mobility in the Indian labor market

	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	Student	UNLF
Urbana	0.05	0.40	0.54	0.21	0.55	0.44	0.30	0.35
Age	36.97	41.05	40.95	36.84	40.23	32.75	11.22	32.55
Years of education	4.63	6.93	9.27	4.29	9.93	7.07	5.06	3.84
Malea	0.47	0.84	0.94	0.69	0.81	0.61	0.54	0.31

Caste groupsa	(column totals for all caste groups sum up to 1.0)
General	0.28	0.32	0.47	0.17	0.38	0.34	0.29	0.31
OBC	0.46	0.48	0.42	0.39	0.35	0.50	0.42	0.43
SC/ST	0.26	0.20	0.11	0.44	0.27	0.17	0.29	0.26
Hindua	0.86	0.79	0.77	0.84	0.82	0.77	0.81	0.79
Marrieda	0.74	0.89	0.90	0.82	0.85	0.61	0.01	0.62
Household poora,b	0.26	0.20	0.07	0.36	0.10	0.18	0.31	0.33
Monthly per capita household real income	735.03	1002.44	2295.59	717.36	2158.56	1127.21	851.91	941.65

Assets	11.51	14.53	18.55	10.49	17.89	15.87	13.16	13.26
Mean real earnings per hour (standard deviation)	187.36	628.94	129.70	9.49	26.16
Annual number of hours worked	729.60	2104.67	2328.13	1529.99	2472.93	1163.93

Observations
Total	67928	9202	2964	58498	14225	5787	64867	77895
2004-2005	30037	3987	1311	26437	5245	2293	33126	48247
2011-2012	37891	5215	1653	32061	8980	3494	31741	29648

Notes:

OAW = Own-account workers; UNLF = Unemployed and Not in the Labor Force; OBC = Other backward castes; SC/ST = Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes.

Source: Authors' calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

a Values indicate proportionate shares of the variable among the total population of the different groups.

b The poverty rates are calculated using per capita household consumption and the official poverty lines (Tendulkar Committee poverty lines) (Planning Commission, 2009). Estimated results are calculated using sampling weights (2004-2005). Figures shown are the mean values of the variables, unless otherwise mentioned.

Table 2

Transition probabilities (P-matrix)

Initial sector	Terminal sector
Initial sector	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	Student	UNLF
Farmworker	57.30	2.11	0.48	19.48	2.11	1.23	1.84	15.45
OAW	14.65	27.36	6.37	25.74	5.23	6.75	0.19	13.71
Employer	10.87	26.32	20.84	15.99	8.35	7.14	0.11	10.37
Casual worker	17.37	4.42	0.85	58.08	8.09	1.10	0.16	9.92
Regular worker	6.79	3.53	1.45	20.63	52.16	0.70	0.05	14.69
Unpaid family worker	11.63	16.65	4.94	19.14	4.35	19.87	2.35	21.07
Student	22.71	0.82	0.29	11.92	2.93	2.72	49.90	8.72
UNLF	17.16	1.74	0.47	10.64	2.62	1.72	31.53	34.13

[i] Notes: All transition probabilities are significant at the 1% level of significance. The test of significance is based on the Sison–Glaz method (Sison and Glaz, 1995). The corresponding 95% multinomial confidence intervals are available in Table A8 in Appendix.

Estimated coefficients are calculated using sampling weights (2004–2005).

OAW = Own-account workers; UNLF = Unemployed and Not in the Labor Force.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table 3

Transition probabilities (V-matrix)

Initial sector	Terminal sector
Initial sector	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	Student	UNLF
Farmwork		2.09	1.55	4.87	1.99	1.69	0.41	2.91
OAW	1.81		12.19	3.78	2.90	5.44	0.02	1.52
Employer	1.23	14.07		2.16	4.25	5.28	0.01	1.05
Casual worker	3.72	4.46	2.82		7.77	1.54	0.04	1.90
Regular worker	1.28	3.12	4.20	4.60		0.86	0.01	2.47
Unpaid family worker	1.30	8.79	8.56	2.55	2.19		0.28	2.11
Student	4.07	0.69	0.80	2.54	2.36	3.18		1.40
UNLF	2.34	1.12	0.98	1.72	1.60	1.53	4.51

[i] Note: See Notes in Table 2.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table 4

Transition probabilities (T-matrix)

Initial sector	Terminal sector
Initial sector	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	Student	UNLF
Farmwork		0.76	0.58	1.53	0.53	0.61	0.16	1.75
OAW	0.71		5.95	1.55	1.00	2.56	0.01	1.19
Employer	0.50	6.92		0.91	1.52	2.58	0.01	0.86
Casual worker	1.20	1.74	1.13		2.20	0.60	0.02	1.23
Regular worker	0.49	1.45	2.00	1.84		0.40	0.00	1.90
Unpaid family worker	0.52	4.24	4.23	1.06	0.76		0.14	1.68
Student	1.35	0.28	0.33	0.88	0.68	1.26		0.93
UNLF	0.82	0.47	0.43	0.63	0.49	0.64	2.07

[i] Note: See Notes in Table 2.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table 5

Mobility and individual characteristics

	Status of destination
Status of departure	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	UNLF and student
Farmworker
Urbana		1.56***	1.58**	1.51***	2.70***	3.20***	2.53***
Age		0.98**	0.97***	0.97***	0.99***	1.01	1.05***
Years of education		1.05***	1.07***	0.98**	1.18***	1.01	0.98**
Speaks Englishb		1.14	2.08**	1.01	1.28*	0.7	1.1
Education of father of household head		1.01	1.01	0.95***	0.95***	0.98	0.99
Genderc		3.43***	8.75***	2.36***	1.43***	0.57***	0.28***
Other backward castes		1.52***	0.79	1.31**	1.01	1.02	0.81**
SC/ST		0.98	0.8	2.16***	1.59*	1.07	0.96
Religiond		1.18	0.64	1.01	1.18	1.2	0.93
Marital statuse		1.29	1.93**	1.12	0.52***	0.22***	0.08***
Assets		1.04**	1.17***	0.90***	1.01	1.07***	1.03***
Member of employee union/business groupf		1.08	1.41	1.04	1.22	1.44	1.05
Member of SHGf		1.17	1.67	1.12	1.62**	0.75	0.98
Member of savings groupf		0.93	0.78	1.03	1.17	1.06	0.96
Dependency ratio		1.01	0.29**	1.36	1.67	1.81**	2.51***

Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers)
Professional and executive workers		1.58	1.05	1.08	1.63**	0.96	1.29
Sales workers		5.12***	2.29	1.03	2.74**	5.29***	2.01***
Clerical, service, and production workers		1.91***	1.27	1.50**	1.76***	1.51**	1.37***

Own-account worker (OAW)
Urbana	0.15***		1.29	0.89	1.63**	0.82	1.22
Age	1.02***		0.99**	0.97***	0.96***	1.01	1.06***
Years of education	1.01		1.03	0.96	1.04	0.97	0.98
Speaks Englishb	1.19		1.05	0.79	1.09	0.8	0.93
Education of father of household head	1.02		1.05**	1.02	1.01	0.98	0.98
Genderc	0.31***		0.97	0.94	1.19	0.36***	0.08***

Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category)
Other backward castes	0.83		0.8	0.99	0.82	0.62**	0.79
SC/ST	0.62**		0.85	1.41	0.94	0.62	0.70*
Religiond	1.28		0.69*	1.18	1.05	1.40**	1.23
Marital statuse	0.39**		1.75***	0.93	0.65	0.34***	0.15***
Assets	0.96***		1.05**	0.91***	1.04	1.08***	1.02
Member of employee union/business groupf	1.79		1.19	1.04	0.89	1.38	0.79
Member of SHGf	1.86*		0.87	1.26	0.5	0.76	0.9
Member of savings groupf	0.82		1.41	0.97	1.65	1.16	1.02
Dependency ratio	1.22		1.8	0.72	0.58	0.9	1.14

Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers , service workers, and production workers)
Professional and executive workers	0.51		0.9	1.36	2.09	2.96***	1.67
Sales workers	0.21***		1.26	0.56'	0.66	2.36***	1.26
Clerical, service, and production workers	0.47***		1.04	1.11	1.08	2.32***	1.16

Notes:

Significance levels: *** 1%; ** 5%, and * 10%.

Additional controls used in the model include 18 dummies for state regions, with Uttar Pradesh as the reference category.

Estimated coefficients are calculated using sampling weights (2004-2005).

Estimated coefficients reported are odds ratios.

Standard errors are clustered by 34 state regions.

SC/ST = Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes; SHG = self-help group.

Source: Authors' calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

a Urban is equal to 1.0 if the individual resides in an urban location, and zero otherwise;

b Speaks English equals 1.0 if the individual can converse in English, and zero otherwise;

c Gender is equal to 1.0 if male, and zero otherwise;

d Religion is equal to 1.0 if Hindu, and zero otherwise;

e Marital status is equal to 1.0 if married, and zero otherwise;

f The variable takes the value 1.0 if anyone in the household is a member of the respective group, and zero otherwise.

a Urban is equal to 1.0 if the individual resides in an urban location, and zero otherwise;

b Speaks English equals 1.0 if the individual can converse in English, and zero otherwise;

c Gender is equal to 1.0 if male, and zero otherwise;

d Religion is equal to 1.0 if Hindu, and zero otherwise;

e Marital status is equal to 1.0 if married, and zero otherwise;

f The variable takes the value 1.0 if anyone in the household is a member of the respective group, and zero otherwise.

Table 6

Mobility and individual characteristics

Status of destination
Status of departure	Farm worker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	UNLF and student
Casual worker
Urban^a	0.15***	1.35**	0.99		1.64***	1.71**	1.26
Age	1.03***	1.02***	1.02**		1.01	1.01	1.08***
Years of education	1.03***	1.06***	1.08***		1.16***	1.01	1.03***
Speaks English^b	0.9	1.08	0.8		1.40***	1.32	0.99
Education of father of household head	1.01	1.01	0.99		1.02**	1.01	1.04
Gender^c	0.49***	1.56**	4.14***		0.83	0.41***	0.14***

Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category)
Other backward castes	0.77**	0.89	0.66**		0.81	1.18	0.73**
SC/ST	0.54***	0.62***	0.58**		0.65***	0.48**	0.67***
Religion^d	1.22	0.87	0.87		1.50***	0.77	1.06
Marital status^e	0.84*	1.13	0.94		0.99	0.56*	0.18***
Assets	1.05***	1.11***	1.20***		1.12***	1.10***	1.09***
Member of employee union/business group^f	0.56***	0.8	1.66*		1.56***	1.43	1.68***
Member of SHG^f	0.91	0.68*	0.59*		0.93	0.52**	0.77*
Member of savings group^f	1.04	0.92	0.98		0.96	1.08	0.86*
Dependency ratio	1.38	1.09	2.24		1.61*	0.25**	1.22

Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers)
Professional and executive workers	0.62**	1.37**	1.52		1.01	1.78	0.99
Sales workers	0.83	2.27***	2.83***		1.02	2.17*	1.25
Clerical, service and production workers	0.39***	1.03	1.38		1.07	1.76	1.07

Regular worker
Urban^a	0.12***	1.28	1.08	0.95		1.08	1.19
Age	1.11***	1.01	0.98	0.99		1.01	1.16***
Years of education	0.94*	0.94*	0.93**	0.89***		1.04	0.99
Speaks English^b	0.68	0.94	0.64	1.04		0.33***	0.85
Education of father of household head	0.98	1.01	1.02	1.04		1.06	0.95***
Gender^c	0.62**	4.00***	7.95**	1.75***		0.53	0.23***

Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category)
Other backward castes	0.52**	1.27	1.66	0.91		2.36*	0.84
SC/ST	0.67	0.44***	0.62	0.54***		1.65	0.70**
Religion^d	0.86	0.62	1.01	0.78**		1.48	0.73
Marital status^e	0.20***	1.94	1.02	0.57		0.13***	0.16***
Assets	0.97	0.99	1.05	0.89***		1.13***	1.02
Member of employee union/business group^f	0.62	0.7	0.41*	0.60*		0.4	0.78*
Member of SHG^f	1.12	1.28	0.51	1.25		0.27	1.55*
Member of savings group^f	2.25***	1.7	1.46	1.11		1.01	1.14
Dependency ratio	3.76***	0.63	0.99	2.12		4.89	1.19

Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers)
Professional and executive workers	0.65	0.48**	0.62	0.64*		0.64	0.94
Sales workers	1.13	0.89	0.94	1.3		2.25	1.22
Clerical, service and production workers	0.49**	0.89	0.73	1.11		0.79	1.25

[i] Notes: See Notes in Table 5.

SC/ST = Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes; SHG = self-help group.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table 7

Fixed-effects regression results

Fixed-effects regression coefficients	Column 1	Column 2	Column 3	Column 4
	Reference categories
	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker
OAW		–12.43***	5.78***	3.63*
Employer	12.43***		18.21***	16.06***
Casual worker	–5.78***	–18.21***		–2.15**
Regular worker	–3.63*	–16.06***	2.15**

[i] Notes: Additional control variables included in the model include age, years of education, education of the father of household head, dummy for urban residence, dummies for knowledge of computer and English usage, occupational dummies, industry dummies, as well as dummies for household headship and being married.

Significance levels: ***1%; **5%; and *10%.

Estimated coefficients are calculated using sampling weights (2004–2005)

Estimations have been conducted using real earnings at 2004–2005 price levels.

Standard errors are clustered by 34 state regions.

The different columns report coefficients for separate regressions with different reference categories.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A1

Multiple jobholdings across sectorsa

	Single job	F and S b	F and W b	S and W b	FSW b
2004–2005
Farmworker	87.19	1.56	10.83		0.42
Own-account worker	65.76	26.37		4.11	3.76
Employer	76.84	20.28		1.93	0.95
Casual worker	60.11		37.40	1.12	1.36
Regular worker	81.07		17.38	1.11	0.44
Unpaid family worker	77.98	19.33		1.64	1.05

2011–2012
Farmworker	85.46	1.57	12.61		0.37
Own-account worker	66.77	23.40		4.61	5.22
Employer	77.59	18.19		1.79	2.43
Casual worker	56.83		41.06	1.11	1.00
Regular worker	80.91		17.32	1.12	0.65
Unpaid family worker	73.68		21.82	1.46	3.03

Notes:

Row totals sum up to 100.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

a Table shows the share of workers employed across various multiple-jobholding groups for each sector.

b F, S, and W denote Farmwork, Self-employment, and Wage employment, respectively.

Table A2

Mobility and individual characteristics

Status of departure	Status of destination
Status of departure	Farmwork	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	UNLF and Student
Employer
Urban^a	0.17***	1.37		1.11	1.84**	0.96	1.90**
Age	1.02	1.01		0.98	0.98	1.01	1.04***
Years of education	0.97	0.97		0.86***	1.02	0.89***	0.87***
Speaks English^b	0.48	0.49***		0.72	1.19	0.78	0.86
Education of father of household head	0.99	1.01		1.03	1.05*	1.04	1.11***
Gender^c	0.09*	0.82		0.46	3.81	0.07**	0.05***

Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category)
Other backward castes	1.02	0.96		1.08	1.35	1.91***	0.93
SC/ST	4.60***	3.53***		6.27***	2.76	2.02	2.59***
Religion^d	1.63	2.54***		1.01	1.14	1.11	1.33
Marital status^e	0.33**	0.58		0.43**	0.29**	0.18**	0.43
Assets	0.91***	0.96		0.90**	0.91	1.02	1.01
Member of employee union/ business group^f	5.16***	1.19		0.99	1.8	1.43	0.81
Member of SHG^f	1.18	1.05		0.52**	1.24	0.27	0.15***
Member of savings group^f	0.7	0.52*		0.98	0.51	0.51	1.38
Dependency ratio	2.49	1.35		0.55	3	0.6	0.18***

Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers)
Professional and executive workers	0.27	0.49**		0.39**	0.49	0.57	0.26***
Sales workers	0.25**	0.74		0.56*	0.29***	1.32	0.51***
Clerical, service and production workers	0.23***	0.57**		0.62*	0.56	0.43**	0.39***

Unpaid family worker
Urban^a	0.12***	0.76	0.87	0.73	0.87		0.94
Age	1.03***	0.99	1.01	0.99	0.98		1.05***
Years of education	1.01	0.98	1.08	0.97*	1.19***		0.97
Speaks English^b	0.85	1.18	0.94	0.94	1.51		1.58**
Education of father of household head	1.02	0.99	1.04	0.96	0.99		1.03
Gender^c	0.59	3.19***	6.60***	2.96***	1.68		0.31***

Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category)
Other backward castes	0.48**	0.91	1.36	0.96	0.56		0.77
SC/ST	1.2	1.54	0.54*	2.39*	3.31***		2.06
Religion^d	1.61	1.18	0.99	0.78	2.15*		1.12
Marital status^e	0.86	2.59***	2.13***	1.4	1.5		0.36***
Assets	0.92***	0.95***	1.02	0.86***	0.95		0.94***
Member of employee union/ business group^f	1.35	0.83	1.1	0.78	0.55		1.51
Member of SHG^f	2.61**	1.25	0.73	1.52	1.33		0.66
Member of savings group^f	0.92	1.62	2.80***	2.51**	1.82		1.96**
Dependency ratio	5.24**	0.49	3.94	2.06	2.77		1.68

Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers)
Professional and executive workers	0.29***	1.5	0.66	0.72	1.39		0.6
Sales workers	0.14***	1.39*	0.89	0.30***	0.37**		0.82
Clerical, service, and production workers	0.46***	1.12	1.13	0.81	1.22		0.44***

[i] Notes: See Notes in Table 5.

SC/ST = Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes; SHG = self-help group.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A3

Mobility and individual characteristics

Status of departure	Status of destination
Status of departure	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	UNLF and Student
Students, unemployed, and not in the labor force
Urban^a	0.14***	1.08	1.03	0.84*	1.44***	0.79***
Age	1.00**	1.01	0.99**	1.01	0.99*	0.99*
Years of education	1.14***	1.23***	1.32***	1.22***	1.39***	1.14***
Speaks English^b	0.81**	0.73**	0.59**	0.9	1.11	0.79
Education of father of household head	0.97***	0.93***	0.93***	0.92***	0.96***	0.95***
Gender^c	1.33***	6.75***	19.72***	3.21***	3.98***	2.14***
Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category)
Other backward castes	1.12	1.37**	0.99	1.37***	1.14	1.32***
SC/ST	0.97	0.92	0.89	2.03***	1.73***	0.97
Religion^d	1.06	0.83*	0.75	0.62***	0.92	0.83*
Marital status^e	2.17***	4.80***	6.39***	3.19***	1.77***	1.43***
Assets	0.93***	0.93***	1.06***	0.84***	0.93***	0.99
Member of employee union/business group^f	0.80**	0.91	0.85	1.38	1.17	0.94
Member of SHG^f	1.05	0.91	0.35**	0.98	1.1	0.57**
Member of savings group^f	0.96	1.17	0.96	1.01	0.82	1.02
Dependency ratio	0.19***	0.13***	0.11***	0.05***	0.12***	0.08***
Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers)
Professional and executive workers	0.84	2.01***	1.15	1.27	1.45***	1.74***
Sales workers	0.52***	2.48***	2.09***	1.02	0.9	3.09***
Clerical, service, and production workers	0.59***	1.76***	1.23	1.27***	1.35**	1.89***

[i] Notes: See Notes in Table 5.

SC/ST = Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes; SHG = self-help group.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A4

Mobility and poverty

Status of departure	Status of destination
Status of departure	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	UNLF and student
Farmworker
Household poor (2005)	0.33	0.30	0.13	0.46	0.26	0.33	0.31
Household poor (2011)	0.17	0.16	0.02	0.31	0.13	0.13	0.22

OAW
Household poor (2005)	0.29	0.28	0.17	0.34	0.17	0.23	0.27
Household poor (2011)	0.19	0.13	0.04	0.21	0.09	0.11	0.17

Employer
Household poor (2005)	0.17	0.11	0.09	0.14	0.11	0.08	0.11
Household poor (2011)	0.16	0.08	0.04	0.18	0.09	0.10	0.08

Casual worker
Household poor (2005)	0.53	0.45	0.31	0.49	0.29	0.48	0.40
Household poor (2011)	0.26	0.14	0.04	0.28	0.11	0.20	0.22

Regular worker
Household poor (2005)	0.25	0.13	0.10	0.25	0.09	0.14	0.10
Household poor (2011)	0.11	0.05	0	0.16	0.04	0.06	0.07

Unpaid family worker
Household poor (2005)	0.39	0.24	0.19	0.35	0.26	0.16	0.23
Household poor (2011)	0.23	0.14	0.12	0.23	0.15	0.15	0.19

Students, Unemployed, and Not in the Labor Force
Household poor (2005)	0.47	0.33	0.13	0.50	0.24	0.36	0.37
Household poor (2011)	0.21	0.15	0.04	0.23	0.08	0.12	0.20

[i] Notes: The numbers reported are the shares of poor individuals under different groups. See Notesin Table 1.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A5

Persistence in labor market status and individual characteristics

	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	UNLF and student
Urban^a	0.47***	1.25	0.86	1.1	1.14	1.48	2.15***
Age	0.99*	0.99	0.99	0.96***	0.94***	0.98**	1.01
Years of education	1.01	1.02	1.08**	0.94***	1.07***	1.01	0.84***
Speaks English^b	0.88	0.99	1.45	0.79***	1.18*	0.81	1.05
Education of fa ther of household head	1.02**	0.99	0.97*	0.98*	0.99	0.99	1.05***
Gender^c	0.99	2.70***	4.12	2.41***	1.30*	0.81	0.50***

Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category)
Other backward castes	0.99	1.19	0.91	1.27***	1.11	1.22	0.84***
SC/ST	0.68***	1.06	0.27***	1.66***	1.65***	0.57	0.80***
Religion^d	0.99	0.87	0.66**	0.87	1.29**	0.89	1.12*
Marital status^e	2.64***	2.07***	2.80***	1.64***	3.16***	0.85	0.47***
Assets	1.02**	1.02*	1.06	0.92***	1.05***	1.08***	1.10***
Member of em ployee union/busi ness group^f	0.9	0.88	0.69	0.87*	1.52**	0.93	0.96
Member of SHG^f	0.92	0.89	1.34	1.22**	0.76*	0.89	1.03
Member of savings group^f	0.99	0.93	1.49	1.05	0.76**	0.52***	1.03
Dependency ratio	0.48***	0.85	0.93	0.70**	0.39***	0.55	7.12***

Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers)
Professional and executive workers	0.79*	0.81	2.48***	1.12	1.41***	1.31	0.96
Sales workers	0.50***	1.29	1.71***	0.83	0.83	1.51***	1.09
Clerical, service and production workers	0.67***	1.01	2.10***	1.28***	1.03	1.39*	1.11*

[i] Notes: See Notes in Table 5.

SC/ST = Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes; SHG = self-help group.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A6

Mobility and earnings change

	Terminal sector
Initial sector	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker
OAW	14.48	47.89	–16.29	3.02
Employer	–5.03	22.90	–85.63	–12.68
Casual worker	52.13	71.88	33.30	34.17
Regular worker	7.57	61.07	22.40	22.40

[i] Notes: See Notes in Table 2.

The numbers reported are percentage changes in real earnings associated with changes inthe employment status.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A7

Multiple jobholdings among movers between farm and casual work

	Farmwork to casual work		Casual work to farmwork
	2004-2005	2011-2012	2004-2005	2011-2012
Single job	76.14	29.17	30.97	61.42
F and S	1.55			1.56
F and W	21.33	68.79	65.55	36.10
S and W		0.43	0.89
F, S and W	0.98	1.61	2.58	0.92

[i] Notes: See Notes in Table Table A1.

The column totals add up to 100.

Source: Authors calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A8

Multinomial confidence intervals for the transition probabilities

	Terminal sector
Initial sector	Farmworker	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker	Unpaid family worker	Student	UNLF
Farmworker	57.29-57.30	2.10-2.11	0.47-0.48	19.47-19.48	2.10-2.11	1.22-1.23	1.83-1.84	15.44-15.45
OAW	14.62-14.67	27.34-27.39	6.35-6.40	25.71-25.76	5.21-5.25	6.72-6.77	0.17-0.22	13.69-13.73
Employer	10.83-10.92	26.28-26.36	20.80-20.88	15.95-16.04	8.31-8.39	7.10-7.18	0.07-0.15	10.33-10.41
Casual worker	17.36-17.37	4.41-4.42	0.84-0.85	58.07-58.08	8.08-8.09	1.09-1.10	0.15-0.16	9.91-9.92
Regular worker	6.77-6.81	3.51-3.55	1.42-1.47	20.61-20.65	52.14-52.18	0.68-0.73	0.03-0.07	14.67-14.71
Unpaid family worker	11.60-11.66	16.62-16.68	4.91-4.97	19.11-19.17	4.32-4.38	19.84-19.90	2.31-2.38	21.04-21.10
Student	22.70-22.71	0.81-0.82	0.28-0.29	11.91-11.92	2.92-2.93	2.71-2.72	49.89-49.90	8.71-8.72
UNLF	17.15-17.16	1.73-1.74	0.46-0.47	10.63-10.64	2.61-2.62	1.71-1.72	31.52-31.53	34.12-34.13

[i] The estimated multinomial confidence intervals are based on the Simon-Graz method (Sison and Glaz, 1995).

Estimated coefficients are calculated using sampling weights (2004-2005).

Notes: OAW = Own-account workers; UNLF = Unemployed and Not in the Labor Force.

Source: Authors' calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A9

Fixed-effects regression coefficients for the interaction between sectoral choice and age

Fixed-effects regression coefficients	Column 1	Column 2	Column 3	Column 4
	Reference categories
	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker
OAW*Age		–0.38	0.15	–0.13
Employer*Age	0.38		0.53	0.25
Casual worker*Age	–0.15	–0.53		–0.28***
Regular worker*Age	0.13	–0.25	0.28***

Significance levels: *** 1%; ** 5%; and * 10%.

Estimated coefficients are calculated using sampling weights (2004–2005).

Estimations have been conducted using real earnings at 2004–2005 price levels.

Standard errors are clustered by 34 state regions.

The different columns report the coefficients of the interaction term between sectoral dummies and age.

The different columns report the coefficients for separate regressions with different reference categories.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data

Table A10

Fixed-effects regression coefficients for the interaction between sectoral choice and education

Fixed-effects regression coefficients	Column 1	Column 2	Column 3	Column 4
	Reference categories
	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker
OAW*Years of education		–1.41*	0.50*	–0.02
Employer*Years of education	1.41*		1.91**	1.39
Casual worker*Years of education	–0.50*	–1.91**		–0.51***
Regular worker*Years of education	0.02	–1.39	0.51***

Significance levels: *** 1%; ** 5%; and * 10%.

Estimated coefficients are calculated using sampling weights (2004–2005).

Estimations have been conducted using real earnings at 2004–2005 price levels. Standard errors are clustered by 34 state regions.

The different columns report the coefficients of the interaction term between sectoral dummies and the years of education.

The different columns report the coefficients for separate regressions with different reference categories.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A11

Fixed-effects regression coefficients of the interaction between sectoral choice and gender

Fixed-effects regression coefficients	Column 1	Column 2	Column 3	Column 4
	Reference categories
	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker
OAW*Dummy for male		18.60	0.88	–1.31
Employer* Dummy for male	–18.60		–17.71	–19.91
Casual worker* Dummy for male	–0.88	17.71		–2.20**
Regular worker* Dummy for male	1.31	19.91	2.20**

Significance levels: *** 1%; ** 5%; and * 10%.

Estimated coefficients are calculated using sampling weights (2004–2005).

Estimations have been conducted using real earnings at 2004–2005 price levels.

Standard errors are clustered by 34 state regions.

Dummy for male equals 1.0 if the worker is male, and zero otherwise.

The different columns report the coefficients of the interaction term between sectoral dummies and the male dummy.

The different columns report the coefficients for separate regressions with different reference categories.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Indian Human Development Survey data.

Table A12

Fixed-effects regression coefficients of the interaction between sectoral choice and caste

Fixed-effects regression coefficients	Column 1	Column 2	Column 3	Column 4
	Reference categories
	OAW	Employer	Casual worker	Regular worker
OAW*Dummy for SC/ST		10.82**	–2.48	–1.25
Employer* Dummy for SC/ST	–10.82**		–13.30***	–12.07***
Casual worker* Dummy for SC/ST	2.48	13.30***		1.23
Regular worker* Dummy for SC/ST	1.25	12.07***	–1.23