Migration and Forsaken Schooling in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan

Variable name	Description
No education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person has no education and 0 otherwise.
Primary education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is primary education (grades 1–4) and 0 otherwise.
Basic education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is basic education (grades 5–8(9)) and 0 otherwise.
Secondary general education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is secondary general education (grades 9–10(11)) and 0 otherwise.
Vocational education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is vocational education (secondary special or technical) and 0 otherwise.
Tertiary education	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person’s highest obtained/acquiring educational level is tertiary education (higher or graduate) and 0 otherwise.
Household head	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is the head of the household and 0 otherwise.
Former or current migrant	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person has ever migrated and 0 otherwise.
Married/nikoh	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is married and 0 otherwise.
Age	The age of the person
Age-square	The square of the age of the person
Male	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is male and 0 otherwise.
Female	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person is female and 0 otherwise.
Lives in capital	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in the capital and 0 otherwise.
Lives in other urban areas	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in other than capital urban area and 0 otherwise.
Lives in a rural area	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in a rural area and 0 otherwise.
Lives in Tajikistan	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Tajikistan and 0 otherwise.
Lives in Uzbekistan	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Uzbekistan and 0 otherwise.
Lives in Kyrgyzstan	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if a person lives in Kyrgyzstan and 0 otherwise.
Number of children age <18	A number of children with ages less than 18 in the household.
Female-headed household	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the head of household is female and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: first quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the lowest consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: second quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the second consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: third quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the middle consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: fourth quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is in the fourth consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Household consumption: fifth quintile	A dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the household is the highest consumption quintile and 0 otherwise.
Community’s migrant network age >46	A share of migrants among the adult population with ages 47 and higher in the survey’s population sampling unit.
Household’s share of adults age >46 with professional education	A share of adults with professional education with ages 47 and higher in the household.

Mean wages between migrants in the Russian Federation and nonmigrants in their home countries (by education and sectors).

Table 2

Summary statistics

	All countries			Tajikistan			Uzbekistan			Kyrgyzstan
	Men and Women	Current or former migrant	Never migrated	Men and Women	Current or former migrant	Never migrated	Men and Women	Current or former migrant	Never migrated	Men and Women	Current or former migrant	Never migrated
Education variables
No education	0.0105 [0.0024]	0.0045 [0.0020]	0.0122 [0.0028]	0.0334 [0.0108]	0.0113 [0.0046]	0.0421 [0.0138]	0.0049 [0.0018]	0.0024 [0.0024]	0.0055 [0.0022]	0.0108 [0.0051]	0.0032 [0.0032]	0.0127 [0.0061]
Primary education	0.0045 [0.0008]	0.0036 [0.0010]	0.0047 [0.0009]	0.0233 [0.0043]	0.0164 [0.0043]	0.0260 [0.0055]	0	0	0	0.0037 [0.0010]	0	0.0047 [0.0013]
Basic education	0.1094 [0.0096]	0.0975 [0.0140]	0.1129 [0.0100]	0.1937 [0.0183]	0.1653 [0.0253]	0.2050 [0.0190]	0.1019 [0.0125]	0.0844 [0.0190]	0.1067 [0.0129]	0.0290 [0.0095]	0.0403 [0.0162]	0.0261 [0.0087]
Secondary general education	0.4542 [0.0165]	0.5181 [0.0225]	0.4357 [0.0180]	0.5265 [0.0198]	0.5638 [0.0251]	0.5117 [0.0215]	0.4338 [0.0214]	0.4970 [0.0309]	0.4168 [0.0232]	0.4709 [0.0460]	0.5578 [0.0570]	0.4486 [0.0490]
Professional education:
Vocational education	0.2810 [0.0167]	0.2831 [0.0231]	0.2804 [0.0188]	0.0828 [0.0070]	0.1119 [0.0141]	0.0713 [0.0063]	0.3493 [0.0225]	0.3612 [0.0329]	0.3461 [0.0252]	0.1580 [0.0106]	0.1408 [0.0250]	0.1624 [0.0116]
Tertiary education	0.1404 [0.0116]	0.0931 [0.0119]	0.1541 [0.0132]	0.1403 [0.0099]	0.1312 [0.0120]	0.1439 [0.0111]	0.1101 [0.0114]	0.0550 [0.0138]	0.1250 [0.0126]	0.3275 [0.0422]	0.2578 [0.0494]	0.3454 [0.0462]
Individual characteristics
Household head	0.1098 [0.0087]	0.1578 [0.0193]	0.0959 [0.0091]	0.1070 [0.0089]	0.1695 [0.0202]	0.0822 [0.0074]	0.0984 [0.0112]	0.1564 [0.0275]	0.0827 [0.0116]	0.1842 [0.0160]	0.1428 [0.0275]	0.1949 [0.0157]
Former or current migrant	0.2239 [0.0102]	1	0	0.2842 [0.0128]	1	0	0.2124 [0.0133]	1	0	0.2042 [0.0244]	1	0
Manied/nikoh	0.8285 [0.0079]	0.8203 [0.0147]	0.8308 [0.0092]	0.8293 [0.0089]	0.8296 [0.0148]	0.8291 [0.0092]	0.8405 [0.0102]	0.8385 [0.0205]	0.8411 [0.0119]	0.7527 [0.0152]	0.6834 [0.0306]	0.7705 [0.0164]
Age	31.0152 [0.1093]	31.0446 [0.1835]	31.0067 [0.1145]	31.0055 [0.1049]	31.1305 [0.1667]	30.9558 [0.1189]	31.0061 [0.1496]	31.1030 [0.2624]	30.9800 [0.1535]	31.0854 [0.1487]	30.4900 [0.2778]	31.2382 [0.1654]
Age-square	979.9376 [6.9265]	981.5682 [11.7373]	979.4672 [7.2430]	979.6896 [6.7053]	987.1113 [10.7850]	976.7430 [7.5436]	979.2326 [9.4721]	985.0854 [16.7905]	977.6544 [9.7142]	984.6581 [9.4219]	947.4116 [17.4577]	994.2160 [10.4717]
Male	0.5069 [0.0055]	0.8485 [0.0145]	0.4084 [0.0086]	0.5018 [0.0057]	0.8999 [0.0121]	0.3437 [0.0096]	0.5110 [0.0073]	0.8628 [0.0207]	0.4162 [0.0115]	0.4896 [0.0126]	0.6498 [0.0267]	0.4485 [0.0132]
Female	0.4931 [0.0055]	0.1515 [0.0145]	0.5916 [0.0086]	0.4982 [0.0057]	0.1001 [0.0121]	0.6563 [0.0096]	0.4890 [0.0073]	0.1372 [0.0207]	0.5838 [0.0115]	0.5104 [0.0126]	0.3502 [0.0267]	0.5515 [0.0132]
Household characteristics
Lives incapital	0.0968 [0.0154]	0.0459 [0.0086]	0.1115 [0.0182]	0.0926 [0.0052]	0.0650 [0.0067]	0.1035 [0.0058]	0.0908 [0.0064]	0.0392 [0.0101]	0.1047 [0.0081]	0.1403 [0.1208]	0.0493 [0.0471]	0.1636 [0.1371]
Lives in other urban areas	0.3877 [0.0227]	0.3543 [0.0326]	0.3974 [0.0233]	0.1940 [0.0147]	0.2062 [0.0267]	0.1892 [0.0142]	0.4602 [0.0271]	0.4130 [0.0450]	0.4730 [0.0268]	0.2319 [0.0427]	0.2879 [0.0476]	0.2175 [0.0453]
Lives in rural areas	0.5574 [0.0221]	0.6161 [0.0321]	0.5404 [0.0227]	0.7134 [0.0149]	0.7289 [0.0269]	0.7073 [0.0148]	0.5079 [0.0258]	0.5720 [0.0445]	0.4906 [0.0254]	0.6279 [0.0913]	0.6628 [0.0554]	0.6189 [0.1043]
Lives in Tajikistan	0.1734 [0.0084]	0.2201 [0.0168]	0.1599 [0.0082]	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lives in Uzbekistan	0.7113 [0.0165]	0.6747 [0.0222]	0.7218 [0.0183]	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0
Lives in Kyrgyzstan	0.1153 [0.0156]	0.1052 [0.0115]	0.1183 [0.0183]	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1
Number of children age<18	2.4944 [0.0641]	2.5309 [0.1091]	2.4839 [0.0609]	3.3796 [0.1104]	3.2119 [0.1175]	3.4462 [0.1142]	2.3663 [0.0821]	2.4004 [0.1575]	2.3571 [0.0747]	1.9535 [0.0946]	1.9429 [0.1151]	1.9563 [0.1040]
Female-headed household	0.0495 [0.0043]	0.0514 [0.0067]	0.0489 [0.0044]	0.1987 [0.0146]	0.1860 [0.0188]	0.2037 [0.0162]	0.0190 [0.0040]	0.0110 [0.0047]	0.0212 [0.0043]	0.0131 [0.0033]	0.0292 [0.0125]	0.0089 [0.0025]
Household consumption: first quintile	0.2297 [0.0156]	0.2777 [0.0199]	0.2158 [0.0162]	0.2180 [0.0175]	0.2277 [0.0212]	0.2142 [0.0191]	0.2342 [0.0211]	0.3106 [0.0286]	0.2136 [0.0218]	0.2191 [0.0216]	0.1707 [0.0280]	0.2315 [0.0227]
Household consumption: second quintile	0.2108 [0.0106]	0.2279 [0.0171]	0.2059 [0.0119]	0.2024 [0.0147]	0.1902 [0.0164]	0.2073 [0.0155]	0.2112 [0.0140]	0.2306 [0.0238]	0.2059 [0.0157]	0.2209 [0.0231]	0.2895 [0.0406]	0.2033 [0.0229]
Household consumption: third quintile	0.1980 [0.0116]	0.1793 [0.0161]	0.2034 [0.0122]	0.2034 [0.0149]	0.2072 [0.0206]	0.2019 [0.0150]	0.1985 [0.0157]	0.1754 [0.0222]	0.2047 [0.0164]	0.1864 [0.0167]	0.1457 [0.0330]	0.1968 [0.0166]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	0.1819 [0.0107]	0.1490 [0.0150]	0.1914 [0.0113]	0.1940 [0.0130]	0.2095 [0.0213]	0.1878 [0.0127]	0.1797 [0.0144]	0.1283 [0.0206]	0.1936 [0.0151]	0.1770 [0.0192]	0.1547 [0.0342]	0.1827 [0.0187]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	0.1797 [0.0125]	0.1662 [0.0156]	0.1836 [0.0131]	0.1822 [0.0136]	0.1655 [0.0167]	0.1888 [0.0146]	0.1763 [0.0166]	0.1550 [0.0204]	0.1821 [0.0175]	0.1966 [0.0270]	0.2393 [0.0618]	0.1857 [0.0224]
Household's share of tertiary educated adults age >46	0.2515 [0.0117]	0.2843 [0.0202]	0.2420 [0.0120]	0.1868 [0.0111]	0.2112 [0.0161]	0.1771 [0.0110]	0.2711 [0.0158]	0.3004 [0.0285]	0.2632 [0.0161]	0.2275 [0.0178]	0.3334 [0.0398]	0.2003 [0.0178]
Community's migrant network age >46	0.0660 [0.0045]	0.0861 [0.0073]	0.0602 [0.0040]	0.1018 [0.0079]	0.1123 [0.0093]	0.0976 [0.0077]	0.0598 [0.0057]	0.0795 [0.0100]	0.0545 [0.0050]	0.0504 [0.0102]	0.0741 [0.0217]	0.0443 [0.0082]

Observations	8037	1893	6144	4487	1157	3330	2026	440	1586	1524	296	1228

[i] Note: Standard errors are in brackets and clustered using the survey weights by population survey units and survey strata.

Table 3

Probit and heteroscedastic probit regressions on decision of tertiary education

Completed tertiary education=1 (=0 if lower education)	Probit model		Heteroscedastic probit model
Completed tertiary education=1 (=0 if lower education)	Coefficients	Marginal effects	Coefficients	Marginal effects	lnsigma2
Former or current migrant	−0.4482^*** [0.0762]	−0.0756^*** [0.0118]	−0.1283 [0.1940]	−0.0679^*** [0.0092]	0.0858 [0.0722]
Household head	0.3281^*** [0.1098]	0.0699^*** [0.0259]	0.1382 [0.2092]	0.0969^*** [0.0151]	−0.0458 [0.0907]
Married/nikoh	0.0675 [0.0713]	0.0126 [0.0128]	0.0577 [0.0898]	0.0180^* [0.0105]	−0.1217^* [0.0684]
Age	0.125 [0.1152]	0.0237 [0.0221]	0.0247 [0.0286]	0.0082 [0.0156]	−0.0544 [0.0959]
Age-square	−0.0022 [0.0018]	−0.0004 [0.0003]	−0.0004 [0.0005]	−0.0002 [0.0002]	0.001 [0.0015]
Male	0.2798^*** [0.0662]	0.0532^*** [0.0132]	0.1333 [0.2006]	0.0841^*** [0.0101]	−0.0501 [0.0738]
Lives in rural areas	−0.3144^*** [0.0963]	−0.0607^*** [0.0192]	−0.3076 [0.4700]	−0.1517^*** [0.0089]	0.3060^*** [0.1057]
Lives in Tajikistan	−0.5272^*** [0.1011]	−0.0859^*** [0.0158]	−0.0312 [0.0586]	−0.0976^*** [0.0116]	−0.5223^*** [0.0926]
Lives in Uzbekistan	−0.9129^*** [0.1051]	−0.2074^*** [0.0254]	−0.3173 [0.4876]	−0.1938^*** [0.0098]	−0.1528 [0.1131]
Number of children age <18	−0.0305 [0.0258]	−0.0058 [0.0047]	−0.02 [0.0308]	−0.0141^*** [0.0025]	−0.0031 [0.0162]
Female headed household	−0.1728 [0.1094]	−0.0305^* [0.0177]	−0.1257 [0.1974]	−0.0360^** [0.0150]	0.2324^* [0.1264]
Household consumption: second quintile	0.0315 [0.0851]	0.006 [0.0164]	0.0792 [0.1248]	0.0445^*** [0.0160]	−0.0773 [0.0883]
Household consumption: third quintile	0.4027^*** [0.1096]	0.0848^*** [0.0251]	0.0946 [0.1458]	0.0654^*** [0.0163]	−0.013 [0.0899]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	0.4420^*** [0.1042]	0.0946^*** [0.0255]	0.1178 [0.1820]	0.0868^*** [0.0169]	0.0121 [0.0931]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	0.6035^*** [0.0939]	0.1355^*** [0.0243]	0.2009 [0.3044]	0.1402^*** [0.0180]	−0.0907 [0.0915]
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age >46	0.7326^*** [0.0933]	0.1391^*** [0.0172]	0.255 [0.3848]	0.1939^*** [0.0119]	0.1277 [0.0904]
Constant	−2.55 [1.8489]		−0.6308 [0.7255]

Observations	8037		8037

[i] Notes: Likelihood-ratio test of lnsigma2 = 0: X² (16) = 89.59; Prob > X² = 0.0000. * p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; and ***p < 0.01. Standard errors are in brackets and clustered. Survey weights are only used in the Probit model by population survey units and survey strata.

Table 4

Probit and heteroscedastic probit regressions on decision of migration

Ever migrated abroad = 1 (=0 if never migrated)	Probit model		Heteroscedastic probit model
Ever migrated abroad = 1 (=0 if never migrated)	Coefficients	Marginal effects	Coefficients	Marginal effects	lnsigma2
Vocational education	−0.0011 [0.0910]	−0.0003 [0.0221]	−0.0020 [0.0073]	−0.0030 [0.0116]	0.0860 [0.0591]
Tertiary education	−0.4628^*** [0.0836]	−0.1013^*** [0.0164]	−0.0149 [0.0534]	−0.0880^*** [0.0107]	0.1153^* [0.0651]
Household head	−0.0986 [0.1020]	−0.0234 [0.0237]	−0.001 [0.0039]	−0.0315^** [0.0123]	−0.1843^* [0.1009]
Married/nikoh	−0.1019 [0.0709]	−0.0252 [0.0180]	0.0012 [0.0045]	−0.0283^** [0.0120]	−0.2578^*** [0.0530]
Age	0.0087 [0.1083]	0.0021 [0.0263]	0.0002 [0.0020]	0.0055 [0.0158]	0.0299 [0.0783]
Age-square	0 [0.0017]	0 [0.0004]	0 [0.0000]	0 [0.0002]	−0.0002 [0.0012]
Male	1.2524^*** [0.0650]	0.3106^*** [0.0141]	1.9879 [2.4548]	0.3371^*** [0.0090]	−4.0126 [3.7482]
Lives in rural areas	0.1726^** [0.0808]	0.0418^** [0.0195]	0.0042 [0.0152]	0.0334^*** [0.0087]	0.0051 [0.0427]
Lives in Tajikistan	0.0028 [0.1056]	0.0007 [0.0257]	0.0152 [0.0549]	0.0686^*** [0.0127]	−0.3484^*** [0.0667]
Lives in Uzbekistan	−0.1484 [0.1035]	−0.0368 [0.0259]	0.0098 [0.0356]	0.0421^*** [0.0158]	−0.3623^*** [0.0701]
Number of children age <18	0.0015 [0.0221]	0.0004 [0.0054]	−0.0002 [0.0008]	−0.0011 [0.0027]	0.0032 [0.0124]
Female headed household	−0.1481^* [0.0813]	−0.0346^* [0.0181]	−0.001 [0.0040]	0.0046 [0.0166]	0.0843 [0.0775]
Household consumption: second quintile	−0.1219 [0.0801]	−0.029 [0.0185]	0.0009 [0.0034]	−0.0027 [0.0133]	−0.0745 [0.0622]
Household consumption: third quintile	−0.2335^*** [0.0847]	−0.0544^*** [0.0184]	−0.0018 [0.0066]	−0.0328^** [0.0131]	−0.1411^** [0.0626]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	−0.2889^*** [0.0890]	−0.0663^*** [0.0188]	−0.0009 [0.0037]	−0.0286^** [0.0137]	−0.1633^** [0.0637]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	−0.2552^*** [0.0805]	−0.0590^*** [0.0172]	−0.0016 [0.0060]	−0.0255^* [0.0135]	−0.0979 [0.0651]
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46	0.2103^** [0.0898]	0.0511^** [0.0221]	0.0038 [0.0138]	0.0612^*** [0.0141]	0.2403^*** [0.0615]
Community’s migrant network age >46	3.7565^*** [0.5876]	0.9130^*** [0.1436]	0.0674 [0.2406]	0.6373^*** [0.0604]	0.8917^*** [0.2780]
Constant	−1.8167 [1.6940]		−2.0145 [2.4515]

Observations	8037		8037

[i] Notes: Likelihood-ratio test of lnsigma2=0: X² (18) = 242.64; Prob > X² = 0.0000. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01. Standard errors are in brackets and clustered. Survey weights are used only in the Probit model by population survey units and survey strata.

Table 5

Ordered probit of the choice of education

Completed or acquiring education	Coefficients	Marginal effects
Completed or acquiring education	Coefficients	Secondary or less	Vocational	Tertiary
Former or current migrant	−0.2227*** [0.0640]	0.0765*** [0.0216]	−0.0365*** [0.0112]	−0.0401*** [0.0108]
Household head	0.3708*** [0.0759]	−0.1311*** [0.0273]	0.0502*** [0.0098]	0.0809*** [0.0183]
Married/nikoh	0.0788 [0.0544]	−0.0272 [0.0186]	0.0125 [0.0088]	0.0147 [0.0099]
Age	−0.0248 [0.0966]	0.0086 [0.0336]	−0.0039 [0.0152]	−0.0048 [0.0184]
Age-square	0.0003 [0.0015]	−0.0001 [0.0005]	0.0000 [0.0002]	0.0001 [0.0003]
Male	0.1259* [0.0488]	−0.0439*** [0.0170]	0.0198*** [0.0077]	0.0241** [0.0095]
Lives in rural area	−0.2881*** [0.0730]	0.1017*** [0.0261]	−0.0458*** [0.0119]	−0.0559*** [0.0147]
Lives in Tajikistan	−0.6874*** [0.1009]	0.2247*** [0.0300]	−0.1213*** [0.0172]	−0.1034*** [0.0147]
Lives in Uzbekistan	−0.3987*** [0.0969]	0.1372*** [0.0323]	−0.0534*** [0.0101]	−0.0837*** [0.0231]
Number of children age <18	−0.0392* [0.0196]	0.0136** [0.0068]	−0.0061* [0.0032]	−0.0075** [0.0036]
Female headed household	−0.1485 [0.1113]	0.0510 [0.0375]	−0.0244 [0.0190]	−0.0265 [0.0186]
Household consumption: second quintile	0.1441 [0.0864]	−0.0501* [0.0299]	0.0214* [0.0125]	0.0287 [0.0176]
Household consumption: third quintile	0.3901*** [0.0670]	−0.1365*** [0.0233]	0.0534*** [0.0087]	0.0831*** [0.0158]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	0.4938*** [0.0794]	−0.1740*** [0.0277]	0.0653*** [0.0082]	0.1087*** [0.0211]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	0.5948*** [0.0740]	−0.2113*** [0.0255]	0.0761*** [0.0079]	0.1352*** [0.0205]
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46	0.7435*** [0.0834]	−0.2584*** [0.0269]	0.1162*** [0.0136]	0.1422*** [0.0164]
cut1	−0.3322 [1.5271]
cut2	0.6924 [1.5255]

Observations	8037

[i] *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.

Notes: Standard errors are in brackets and clustered using the survey weights by population survey units and survey strata.

Table 6

Instrumented bivariate probit and two-stage least squares IV regressions on choices of migration and tertiary education

	Instrumented bivariate probit			Two-stage least squares
	Tertiary education		Former or current migrant	2^nd stage: Tertiary education	1^st stage: former or current migrant
	Coefficients	Marginal effectsa	Coefficients	Coefficients	Coefficients
Former migrant or current	−0.7078* [0.3674]	−0.1417 [0.1027]		−0.2190*** [0.0726]
Household head	0.3127*** [0.1118]	0.0849** [0.0362]	−0.1319 [0.0984]	0.0665*** [0.0205]	−0.0484* [0.0269]
Married/nikoh	0.0604 [0.0709]	0.0171 [0.0174]	−0.1107 [0.0724]	0.0093 [0.0153]	−0.0217 [0.0183]
Age	0.1215 [0.1130]	0.0287 [0.0279]	−0.0025 [0.1154]	0.0288 [0.0213]	−0.0040 [0.0253]
Age-square	−0.0021 [0.0018]	−0.0005 [0.0004]	0.0002 [0.0018]	−0.0005 [0.0003]	0.0001 [0.0004]
Male	0.3619*** [0.1318]	0.0485*** [0.0187]	1.2351*** [0.0643]	0.0964*** [0.0255]	0.315*** [0.0146]
Lives in rural areas	−0.3004*** [0.0972]	−0.0776** [0.0330]	0.1928** [0.0800]	−0.0599*** [0.0112]	0.0516*** [0.0138]
Lives in Tajikistan	−0.5038*** [0.1128]	−0.1052*** [0.0271]	0.0370 [0.1111]	−0.1370*** [0.0158]	0.0248 [0.0161]
Lives in Uzbekistan	−0.9079*** [0.1042]	−0.2404*** [0.0467]	−0.0695 [0.1035]	−0.2230*** [0.0138]	−0.0063 [0.0137]
Number of children age <18	−0.0298 [0.0254]	−0.0071 [0.0061]	0.0040 [0.0229]	−0.0084** [0.0035]	0.0005 [0.0049]
Female headed house-hold	−0.1845* [0.1112]	−0.0372 [0.0246]	−0.1361* [0.0812]	−0.0348* [0.0181]	−0.0362* [0.0216]
Household consumption: second quintile	0.0214 [0.0829]	0.0088 [0.0214]	−0.1237 [0.0796]	−0.0084 [0.0128]	−0.0269 [0.0212]
Household consumption: third quintile	0.3813*** [0.1174]	0.1056*** [0.0368]	−0.2615*** [0.0831]	0.0556*** [0.0167]	−0.0644*** [0.0205]
Household consumption: fourth quintile	0.4161*** [0.1088]	0.1186*** [0.0436]	−0.3313*** [0.0893]	0.0613*** [0.0179]	−0.0802*** [0.0211]
Household consumption: fifth quintile	0.5806*** [0.1061]	0.1671*** [0.0432]	−0.3149*** [0.0793]	0.1070*** [0.0185]	−0.0771*** [0.0217]
Household’s share of tertiary educated adults age>46	0.7379*** [0.0936]	0.1696*** [0.0453]	0.1354 [0.0848]	0.1700*** [0.0184]	0.0293 [0.0195]
Community’s migrant network age >46		−0.1122 [0.1855]	3.8201*** [0.6203]		1.0310*** [0.0982]
Constant				−0.1330 [0.3340]	0.0529 [0.3960]
R-squared				0.1050	0.1750
atanh ρ	0.1636 [0.2225]
ρ	0.1621 [0.2166]

Observations	8037			8037

Notes: Standard errors are in brackets and clustered using the survey weights by population survey units and survey strata. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.

a The estimate of the average population effect of being a former or current migrant on the decision of tertiary education in the Bivariate Probit is −0.1125 with a standard error of 0.0026.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2020-0004 | Journal eISSN: 2520-1786

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Language: English

Published on: Mar 17, 2020

Published by: Sciendo

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

migration,