Abstract
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS), an increasingly recognized disorder, may cause ischemic nephropathy and renovascular hypertension, that may occur separately or together. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) resulting from atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis usually have high-grade stenosis of both renal arteries or stenosis to a solitary functioning kidney. Patients at risk for bilateral renal artery stenosis are also at risk for other disorders that can present with similar clinical findings but cannot be corrected by surgery or angioplasty; these include hypertensive nephrosclerosis and atheroembolic kidney disease. In clinical decision-making about screening for and therapy of ARAS, we balance the chance of improving renal function and blood pressure with the risks of interventional procedures.
In this article we provide an overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ARVD based on consensus recommendations from a panel of physician experts who attended the recent KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) Controversies Conference on central and peripheral arterial diseases in chronic kidney disease. The rapid progress in this field necessitates an update. Most focus is provided for contentious issues, and we also outline aspects of investigation and management of ARVD that require further research.