References
- 1. Gorin I, Leibowitch M, et al. AIDS in a Haitian woman with cardiac Kaposi’s sarcoma and Whipple’s disease. Lancet 1983;i:7678. The first clinical description of cardiovascular disease complicating HIV infection.
- 2. Calza L, Manfredi R, Farneti B, Chiodo F. Incidence of hyperlipidaemia in a cohort of 212 HIV-infected patients receiving a protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003.
- 3. Giuseppe Barbaro, Barbarini Giorgio Human immunodeficiency virus & cardiovascular risk. Indian J Med Res 134, December 2011, pp 898-903.
- 4. Carr A. HIV lipodystrophy: risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. AIDS. 2003;17:S141S148.10.1097/00002030-200304001-00017
- 5. Barbaro G. Highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated metabolic syndrome: pathogenesis and cardiovascular risk. Am J Therapeut. 2006; 13: 248-60.
- 6. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2506.10.1210/jc.2006-219017456578
- 7. Carr A, Cooper D. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 2000; 356: 1423-30
- 8. Rudich A, Ben-Romano R, Etzion S, Bashan N. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and atherosclerosis induced by HIV protease inhibitors. Acta Physiol Scand 2005; 183:75.
- 9. Kim RJ, Wilson CG, Wabitsch M, Lazar MA, teppan CM. HIV protease inhibitor-specific alterations in human adipocyte differentiation and metabolism. Obesity 2006;14:994e1002 (SilverSpring).10.1038/oby.2006.114
- 10. Andersen O, Haugaard SB, Andersen UB, Friis-Moller N, Storgaard H, Volund A, et al. Lipodystrophy in human immunodeficiency virus patients impairs insulin action and induces defects in beta-cell function. Metabolism 2003;52:1343e53.14564688
- 11. Currier JS, Taylor A, Boyd F, et al. Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 33:506.
- 12. Worm SW, Sabin C, Weber R et, ak, Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with HIV infection exposed to specific individual antiretroviral drugs from the 3 major classes: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (DAD) study. J Infect Dis 2010; 20 : 318-30.
- 13. Andrew Carr; Katherine Samaras; Samantha Burton; Matthew Law; Judith Freund; Donald Chisholm; David Cooper; A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors, may 1998.
- 14. Antoine Biron, Christine Bobin-Dubigeon, Christelle Volteau, Metabolic Syndrome in French HIV-Infected Patients: Prevalence and Predictive Factors After 3 Years of Antiretroviral Therapy 21 Nov 2012.
- 15. Parisa Kalantari, Omid F. Harandi, Pamela A. Hankey HIV-1 Tat Mediates Degradation of RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, a Regulator of Inflammation, July 15, 2008.
- 16. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance, 2006.
- 17. Karine Clément, Nathalie Viguerie, Christine Poitou, Weight loss regulates inflammation-related genes in white adipose tissue of obese subjects, 1 Nov 2004.
- 18. Harold S.Sacks, John N.Fains, Human epicardial adipose tissue: A review, 2007.
- 19. Ngatchou W, Lemogoum D, Ndobo P, Increased burden and severity of metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness in treatment naïve HIV+ patients from Cameroon 4 January 2013.
- 20. Davide Gibellini, Pier Luigi Tazzari, Francesca Ricci, Analysis of the effects of HIV-1 Tat on the survival and differentiation of vessel wall-derived mesenchymal stem cells, 17 November 2011.
- 21. Giralt M, Domingo P, Guallar JP, Rodriguez de la Concepción ML, HIV-1 infection alters gene expression in adipose tissue, which contributes to HIV-1/HAART-associated lipodystrophy, 2006.
- 22. Frank Palella;Rose Baker;Anne Moorman;Joan Chmiel;Kathleen Wood;John Brooks;Scott Holmberg; Mortality in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era: Changing Causes of Death and Disease in the HIV Outpatient Study 2006/09/01.
- 23. Nina Friis-Møller, Rodolphe Thiébaut, Peter Reiss, Conventional cardiovascular risk factors in HIV infection: how conventional are they?”, Caroline Sabin; Signe Worm; 2008/05/01” Predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients: the Data collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Study 1 oct 2010.
- 24. Clay Bavinger, Eran Bendavid, Katherine Niehaus Risk of Cardiovascular Disease from Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV: A Systematic Review 26 March 2013.
- 25. Pacheco AGFGB, Fonseca MDJ, Moreira RI: Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Overall and gender analysis 7th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, 2013, Kuala Lumpur; Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 26. Kenneth A. Lichtenstein, Carl Armon, Kate Buchacz Provider Compliance With Guidelines for Management of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected Patients the HOPS Investigators, 2013.
- 27. Lewis W. AIDS: cardiac findings from 115 autopsies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1989; 32:207.
- 28. Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Grisorio B, Barbarini G. Cardiac involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a multicenter clinical-pathological study. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio Cardiologico dei pazienti affetti da AIDS Investigators. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:1071.
- 29. Remick J, Georgiopoulou V, Marti C, et al. Heart failure in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and future research. Circulation 2014; 129:1781.
- 30. Barbaro G, Iacobellis G. Metabolic syndrome associated with HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Curr Diab Rep 2009; 9 : 37-42.
- 31. Mondy KE, Gottdiener J, Overton ET, et al. High Prevalence of Echocardiographic Abnormalities among HIV-infected Persons in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:378.10.1093/cid/ciq066
- 32.. Cerrato E, D’Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in pauci symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus patients: a meta-analysis in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:1432.10.1093/eurheartj/ehs47123335603
- 33. Holloway CJ, Ntusi N, Suttie J, et al. Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy reveal a high burden of myocardial disease in HIV patients. Circulation 2013; 128:814.
- 34. Ntusi N, O’Dwyer E, Dorrell L, et al. HIV-1-Related Cardiovascular Disease Is Associated With Chronic Inflammation, Frequent Pericardial Effusions, and Probable Myocardial Edema. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9:e004430.
- 35. Lipshultz SE, Easley KA, Orav EJ, et al. Cardiac dysfunction and mortality in HIV-infected children. The prospective P2C2 HIV multicenter study Circulation 2000;102:15428.
- 36. Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Grisorio B, Barbarini G. Incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy and detection of HIV in myocardial cells of HIV-positive patients. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio Cardiologico dei Pazienti Affetti da AIDS. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1093.
- 37. John Gill et. al-Causes of Death in HIV-1-Infected Patients Treated with Antiretroviral Therapy, 1996-2006: Collaborative Analysis of 13 HIV Cohort Studies Clin Infect Dis. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 August 18.
- 38. “ Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals: underlying mechanisms and epidemiological aspects” Adelzon A Paula, Melissa CN Falcão and Antonio G Pacheco, 2013