Have a personal or library account? Click to login

GPS-enabled smart stick guide for campus accessibility at King Abdulaziz University

Open Access
|Aug 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Flowchart of smart stick system.
Flowchart of smart stick system.

Figure 2:

Smart Guide system architecture.
Smart Guide system architecture.

Figure 3:

Hardware block diagram.
Hardware block diagram.

Figure 4:

The smart stick.
The smart stick.

Integration test

Test IDTest case objectiveTest case descriptionExpected resultRemark
01Test the transition from the sign-up screen to the desired user screen based on the user type field.The user enters the required inputs for registration, including determining the user type.Transition to the proper home screen for the chosen user type.Positive result
02Test the transition from the sign-in screen to the proper user home screen based on the data retrieved from the database.The user enters the required inputs for signing in.The application retrieves the user type from the database and transitions the user to their home screen.Positive result
03Test the connection of the student–guardian accounts.The student enters the email of their guardian in the My Account tab.The application shows a notification in the guardian account.Positive result
04Test the emergency alarm sent to the guardian to check the student’s location.The student tabs the emergency button on their main screen.The application sends an alarm to the guardian to check the student’s location.Positive result
05Test the integration of Unity-Xcode applications.The student tabs the building button on their main screen.The application shows the first interface from the Unity build, which asks for the floor.Positive result

Hardware components

Component descriptionComponent image
1The Arduino board is a microcontroller connected to the application and the other components.
2An ultrasonic sensor is utilized to sense the barrier in a specified range.
3The light sensor is used to measure the intensity of light in a place.
4A buzzer is used to give a sound during emergencies and when detecting an obstacle.
5The push button is used as an emergency button.
6LED light is used to turn it on in dark places.
7The vibration motor gives vibrations to alert the blind student.
8GPS module is utilized to detect the location of the visually impaired student.

Unit test

Test case IDTest case descriptionInput dataExpected resultActual resultPass/fail
A01Scanning a barrier at a 20 cm distanceSince a barrier at a 20 cm distanceTurning on buzzer and vibratorThe buzzer and vibrator turned onPass
A02Sensing a dark placeAnalog value <50Turning on the buzzer and LED lightThe buzzer and LED light turned onPass
X02The user enters an invalid email for registration
  • First name = “Shahed”

  • Last name = “Safar”

  • E-mail = s12@gmail.com

  • Password = s1234567

  • User type = Talab

Sign up failsFailed to sign upPass
X05The user enters the incorrect email for logging in
  • E-mail = r123@stu.kau.edu

  • Password = 1234567r

Sign in failsFailed sign inPass
X09The user updates the password with incorrect inputs
  • Password = r1234567

  • Confirmed password = r123456

Update the password failsFailed updatingPass
U01Getting directions for a destinationDestination nameArrows pointing to the destinationCorrect arrows pointing to the destinationPass
U02Getting accurate voice instructions to reach the destinationDestination nameAccurate and immediate voice instructionLatency in voice instructionPass
U03Recognizing Arabic words accuratelySaying the class number: “Hall” 128Recognize the words correctlyRecognized the words correctlyPass
Language: English
Submitted on: Jun 21, 2024
Published on: Aug 26, 2025
Published by: Professor Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Sahar Badri, Shahad Safar Alzahrani, Ghaida Alshehri, published by Professor Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.