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Predictive diagnostics for early identification of cardiovascular disease: a machine learning approach Cover

Predictive diagnostics for early identification of cardiovascular disease: a machine learning approach

Open Access
|May 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Block diagram for predictive diagnostics for early identification of cardiovascular disease. KNN, K-nearest neighbors; MLP, multilayer perceptron; PCA, principal component analysis.
Block diagram for predictive diagnostics for early identification of cardiovascular disease. KNN, K-nearest neighbors; MLP, multilayer perceptron; PCA, principal component analysis.

Figure 2:

Correlation heatmap illustrating the interrelationship between features in the Cleveland dataset.
Correlation heatmap illustrating the interrelationship between features in the Cleveland dataset.

Figure 3:

Correlation heatmap illustrating the interrelationship between features in the Statlog dataset.
Correlation heatmap illustrating the interrelationship between features in the Statlog dataset.

Figure 4:

Count plot (age-count) on the Cleveland dataset.
Count plot (age-count) on the Cleveland dataset.

Figure 5:

Count plot (age-count) on the Statlog dataset.
Count plot (age-count) on the Statlog dataset.

Figure 6:

Thalach distribution plot on the Cleveland dataset.
Thalach distribution plot on the Cleveland dataset.

Figure 7:

Thalach distribution plot on the Statlog dataset.
Thalach distribution plot on the Statlog dataset.

Figure 8:

MLP predictions confusion matrix on the Statlog dataset. MLP, multilayer perceptron.
MLP predictions confusion matrix on the Statlog dataset. MLP, multilayer perceptron.

Figure 9:

MLP predictions confusion matrix on the Cleveland dataset. MLP, multilayer perceptron.
MLP predictions confusion matrix on the Cleveland dataset. MLP, multilayer perceptron.

Figure 10:

KNN predictions confusion matrix on the Statlog dataset. KNN, K-nearest neighbors.
KNN predictions confusion matrix on the Statlog dataset. KNN, K-nearest neighbors.

Figure 11:

KNN predictions confusion matrix on the Cleveland dataset. KNN, K-nearest neighbors.
KNN predictions confusion matrix on the Cleveland dataset. KNN, K-nearest neighbors.

Figure 12:

LR predictions confusion matrix on the Statlog dataset. LR, logistic regression.
LR predictions confusion matrix on the Statlog dataset. LR, logistic regression.

Figure 13:

LR predictions confusion matrix on the Cleveland dataset. LR, logistic regression.
LR predictions confusion matrix on the Cleveland dataset. LR, logistic regression.

Comparative analysis of models on the Statlog dataset

MethodAccuracy (%)Precision (%)F1-score (%)Recall (%)
MLP94.8197.3395.4293.59
LR92.6868987
KNN78859087

Dataset description

No.Dataset descriptionRanges
1Age (years)29–79
2SexMale (1), female (0)
3Types of chest pain (cp)Typical angina (0), atypical angina (1), non-anginal pain (2), asymptomatic (3)
4Resting blood pressure (trestbps)94–200 (mmHg)
5Serum cholesterol (chol)126–564 (mg/dL)
6Fasting blood pressure (fbs)False (0), true (1) (mg/dL)
7Resting electrocardiographic results (restecg)Normal (0), having ST-T wave abnormality (1) probable or definite left ventricular hypertrophy (2)
8Maximum heart rate achieved (thalach)71–202
9Exercise-induced angina (exang)No (0), yes (1)
10ST depression induced by exercises relative to rest (oldpeak)0–6.2
11Slope of the peak exercises ST segment (slope)Upsloping (0), flat (1), downsloping (2)
12Number of major vessels colored by fluoroscopy (ca)0–3
13Thalassemia (thal)Normal (l), fixed defect (2), reversible defect (3)
14Target class (target)No (0), yes (1)

Comparative analysis of models on the Cleveland dataset

MethodAccuracy (%)Precision (%)F1-score (%)Recall (%)
MLP94.3995.7394.8694.01
LR85858987
KNN92.8879189
Language: English
Submitted on: Jan 12, 2025
Published on: May 16, 2025
Published by: Professor Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year

© 2025 Pooja Bagane, Moksh Oswal, Sachin Mhetre, Prabhat Shankar, Praneet Mahendrakar, Obsa Amenu Jebessa, published by Professor Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.