Figure 1:
Advantages of digital signatures.
Figure 2:
Model diagram.
Figure 3:
Time for key generation, sign production, and signature verification.
Table 1:
Key generation time (ms)
| Dataset | ECDSA | Hyper-ECDSA | Optimized Edward-Elgamal |
|---|---|---|---|
| DS1 | 120 | 110 | 85 |
| DS2 | 130 | 115 | 90 |
| DS3 | 125 | 112 | 87 |
Table 2:
Signature generation time (ms)
| Dataset | ECDSA | Hyper-ECDSA | Optimized Edward-Elgamal |
|---|---|---|---|
| DS1 | 150 | 135 | 100 |
| DS2 | 160 | 145 | 110 |
| DS3 | 155 | 140 | 105 |
Table 3:
Signature verification time (ms)
| Dataset | ECDSA | Hyper-ECDSA | Optimized Edward-Elgamal |
|---|---|---|---|
| DS1 | 140 | 125 | 95 |
| DS2 | 150 | 130 | 100 |
| DS3 | 145 | 128 | 97 |
Table 4:
Throughput (transactions per second)
| Dataset | ECDSA | Hyper-ECDSA | Optimized Edward-Elgamal |
|---|---|---|---|
| DS1 | 66 | 74 | 100 |
| DS2 | 62 | 69 | 95 |
| DS3 | 64 | 72 | 98 |
Table 6:
Attack resistance (success rate of attacks in %)
| Attack type | ECDSA | Hyper-ECDSA | Optimized Edward-Elgamal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Replay attack | 5.0 | 4.5 | 1.5 |
| Key reuse attack | 3.0 | 2.5 | 0.5 |
| Collision attack | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 |
Table 7:
Computational overhead (ms)
| Dataset | ECDSA | Hyper-ECDSA | Optimized Edward-Elgamal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dataset 1 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 1.15 |
| Dataset 2 | 1.65 | 1.85 | 1.18 |
| Dataset 3 | 1.58 | 1.75 | 1.12 |
Figure 4:
Performance metrics of the optimized signature scheme. (A) Time for signing process under different conditions, showing a significant reduction in processing time. (B) Comparative analysis of signing process time for larger datasets, reinforcing the results from part (A). (C) Transaction flow. (D) Validation of blocks.