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Comparison of IoT communication protocols
| Wired protocols | Wireless protocol | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | 1-wire protocol | PIC protocol | PDC protocol | Dynamic ECS protocol | Bluetooth | Z-wave | 6 LoWPAN | SigFox | |
| Standard | NA | NA | NA | NA | IEEE 802.15.1 [20] | IEEE 802.15.4 [20] | Z-Wave [20] | IEEE 802.15.4 [20] | Sigfox [21] |
| Frequency bands | NA | 24 MHz [16] | 25 MHz [17] | 25 MHz [18] | 2.4 GHz [22] | 2.4 GHz [23] | 868–908 MHz [24] | 868 MHz (EU) | 868 MHz (EU) |
| 915 MHz (USA) | 902 MHz (USA) | ||||||||
| 2.4 GHz (Global) [24] | |||||||||
| Network | 1-wire network [8] | Ultra-low power network [16] | Ultra-low power network [17] | Ultra-low power network [18] | WPAN [25] | WPAN [25] | WPAN [25] | WPAN [25] | LPWAN [26] |
| Topology | Master and Slave [8] | Master and Slave [16] | Master and Slave [17] | Master and Slave [18] | Star–Bus [27] | Star, Mesh cluster | Mesh | Star-Mesh [27] | Star |
| Power | Low power protocol | 26.6 μW [16] | 25 μW [17] | 19 μW [18] | 30 mA Low power [28] | 30 mA Low power [28] | 2.5 mA Low power [29] | (1–2 years lifetime on batteries) [29] | 10–100 mW |
| Data rate | 16 Kbps [16] | 4.1 Mbps [16] | 7.33 Mbps [17] | 4.2–26.7 (6.4 Avg.) [18] | 1 Mbps | 250 Kbps | 40 Kbps [30] | 250 Kbps | 100–600 bps |
| Common applications | IoT sensor applications [16] | IoT sensor applications [16] | IoT sensor applications [17] | IoT sensor applications [18] | Wireless headsets, audio applications [31] | Controlling and monitoring home industry [31] | Home monitoring and controlling [31] | Monitor and control through the internet [31] | Energy meters & street lighting |
Index coding
| Possible data after encoding | No. of pulses (existing) [8, 9] | Number of 1’s | Index code | No. of pulses (proposed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001 | 1 | 1 | 001 | 1 |
| 0010 | 2 | 1 | 010 | 2 |
| 0100 | 3 | 1 | 011 | 3 |
| 1000 | 4 | 1 | 100 | 4 |
| 0011 | 3 | 2 | 001 | 1 |
| 0101 | 4 | 2 | 010 | 2 |
| 0110 | 5 | 2 | 011 | 3 |
| 1001 | 5 | 2 | 100 | 4 |
| 1010 | 6 | 2 | 101 | 5 |
| 1100 | 7 | 2 | 110 | 6 |
Encoded data and number of 1’s
| Regular data | Encoding/inversion | Number of 1’s | Flag |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0000 | 0000 | 0 | 0 |
| 0001 | 0001 | 1 | 0 |
| 0010 | 0010 | 1 | 0 |
| 0011 | 0011 | 2 | 0 |
| 0100 | 0100 | 1 | 0 |
| 0101 | 0101 | 2 | 0 |
| 0110 | 0110 | 2 | 0 |
| 0111 | 1000 | 1 | 1 |
| 1000 | 1000 | 1 | 0 |
| 1001 | 1001 | 2 | 0 |
| 1010 | 1010 | 2 | 0 |
| 1011 | 0100 | 1 | 1 |
| 1100 | 1100 | 2 | 0 |
| 1101 | 0010 | 1 | 1 |
| 1110 | 0001 | 1 | 1 |
| 1111 | 0000 | 0 | 1 |
DDR-ECS transceiver synthesis results using 65 nm technology
| Name of the module | Power (µW) | Area (µm2) | Data rate (Mb/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proposed 16 bit DDR-ECS | ≈13 | 1,755 | 12–73.5 |
| DDR-ECS [10] | ≈19 | 1,943 | 7.8–44.4 |
| ECS [9] | ≈19 | ≈2,098 | 4.2–26.7 |
| PDC [4] | ≈25 | ≈2,150 | 4.8–12.9 |
| PIC [3] | ≈26.6 | ≈2,356 | 3.1–8.5 |