Multiple Sensor based Human Detection Robots: A Review

Vellingiri, A.; Mohanasundaram, K.; Tamilselvan, K.S.; Maheswar, R.; Ganesh, N.

doi:10.2478/ijssis-2023-0009

Figures & Tables

Identification of victims in two levels.

Percentage analysis graph for human detection sensors.

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S. No.	Paper name with Ref. No.	Comparison factor

		Obstacle detection	Microphone	Location tracking	Environmental condition monitoring	Live streaming	Gas detection	Pulse sensing	Temperature sensing
1	Living human detection robot in earthquake conditions [33]	✓	✘	✓	✓	✓	✓	✘	✓
2	SAR system for detection of living humans by semi-autonomous mobile rescue robot [34]	✓	✘	✘	✘	✓	✓	✘	✓
3	Unmanned vehicle for detection of living humans during calamity [35]	✓	✘	✓	✘	✘	✘	✓	✓
4	Terminal analysis of the operation of a rescue robot constructed for assisting secondary disaster situations [46]	✓	✘	✘	✘	✓	✓	✘	✘
5	A low cost USAR robot for developing countries [61]	✓	✓	✘	✓	✓	✓	✘	✓
6	Design and implementation of a semi-autonomous mobile SAR robot [47]	✓	✘	✘	✓	✓	✓	✘	✓
7	Disaster response and surveillance bot [61]	✓	✘	✘	✘	✓	✓	✘	✓
8	Ground robot for detection of living humans in rescue operations [63]	✓	✘	✓	✘	✓	✓	✘	✓

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Sensor/sensing technology	Pros	Cons	Ref.
Radar	Long rangeNo need for line of sightOffers possibility for computation of target velocityTarget tracking is possible	It is expensiveInterference	[4],[54]
LiDAR	Familiar in roboticsProvides detailed information about the environment	High costNot able to measure distance given the prevalence of conditions of heavy rain	[2],[55]
Magnetic	It is able to detect metal objects	Small range	[56]
ToF camera	Possible to provide in 3D measurements	Less accuracyResolution is lowNot possible to deploy in outdoor operation	[57]
Acoustic	Wide rangeCost effective	Differs in acoustic characteristics based on different environments	[58]
Ultrasonic	Wide rangeCost effective	Sound is absorbed by clothing and foliage	[34],[59],[64]
Optical	Wide rangeTarget identification is easy	CostlyNeed of line of sight	[60]
IR and thermal	Possibility of detecting a target in the dark	In hot environments, detecting the target is difficult	[34],[51],[47]
RF	Easy to installAffordableLong distance	Cables are required along the perimeterVolumetric range is limited	[34],[51],[47],[61]
Motion	It is possible to classify the type of intrusion based on structuresCost effective	Limited range	[34],[35],[64]
Seismic	Exceptional stealth	Differs in each environment	[62]

j_ijssis-2023-0009_tab_004

S. No.	Paper name	Pros	Cons	Ref.
1	Living human detection robot in earthquake conditions	Low costMore efficientLive streamingMore suitable for landslides/avalanches	Due to the lack of internet connectivity under circumstances of landslides and avalanches, radar communication is preferred rather than IoT	[33]
2	SAR system for detection of living humans by semi-autonomous mobile rescue robot	Low costMore reliableUsed sensors are cheap and easily availableLow power consumptionHigh efficiency	No location tracking and environment monitoring	[34]
3	Unmanned vehicle for detection of living humans during calamity	Low costMore reliableLong distance communicationLow power consumption	No live streaming and environmental monitoring	[35]
4	Terminal analysis of the operation of a rescue robot constructed for assisting secondary disaster situations	Optimum size and strengthSimple and more reliableSimple to navigate in all types of terrain	No location tracking	[46]
5	A low-cost USAR robot for developing countries	With walkie-talkie on board, rescuers can communicate up to 1 km away	No location tracking	[61]
6	Design and implementation of a semi-autonomous mobile SAR robot	Built with a CMOS camera for digital image production	Camera connection is lost and major issues on battery power	[47]
7	Disaster response and surveillance bot	Low power consumptionEasily controllableAdditionally, flame sensor is used to detect presence of fireLow cost and affordable	No location tracking	[61]
8	Ground robot for detection of living humans in rescue operations	More accurate and efficientImproved resuscitation services for catastrophic victims	No environmental monitoring and obstacle detection	[63]

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S. No.	Paper name with Ref. No.	Technology comparison factor

		RF module	Bluetooth	WiFi	IoT	Zigbee module	Android app
1	Living human detection robot in earthquake conditions [33]	✘	✓	✘	✘	✘	✓
2	SAR system for detection of living humans by semi-autonomous mobile rescue robot [34]	✓	✘	✘	✘	✘	✘
3	Unmanned vehicle for detection of living humans during calamity [35]	✘	✘	✘	✘	✓	✘
4	Terminal analysis of the operation of a rescue robot constructed for assisting secondary disaster situations [46]	✘	✘	✓	✘	✘	✘
5	A low cost USAR robot for developing countries [61]	✓	✘	✘	✘	✘	✘
6	Design and implementation of a semi-autonomous mobile SAR robot [47]	✓	✘		✘	✘	✘
7	Disaster response and surveillance bot [61]	✓	✘	✘	✘	✘	✘
8	Ground robot for detection of living humans in rescue operations [63]	✘	✓	✘	✘	✘	✓

Multiple Sensor based Human Detection Robots: A Review

Figures & Tables

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