General, high-tech, and mid-tech regional trade introversion indexes as measures of trade integration within RTAs

Year	All goods	Medium technology manufactures	High technology manufactures
2001	0.67	0.70	0.55
2002	0.67	0.70	0.57
2003	0.68	0.69	0.60
2004	0.68	0.68	0.58
2005	0.68	0.70	0.58
2006	0.68	0.69	0.60
2007	0.68	0.68	0.61
2008	0.67	0.68	0.60
2009	0.68	0.68	0.61
2010	0.69	0.70	0.63
2011	0.70	0.70	0.63
2012	0.70	0.70	0.65
2013	0.71	0.69	0.66
2014	0.71	0.70	0.67
2015	0.72	0.71	0.67
2016	0.72	0.71	0.65
2017	0.72	0.70	0.65
2018	0.72	0.71	0.66
2019	0.71	0.71	0.64
2020	0.73	0.72	0.69
2021	0.75	0.73	0.70
2022	0.72	0.73	0.68

1* The EU consists of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden for the whole period of the analysis.

1 Source: Own calculations based on UNCTAD statistics, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, accessed on July 11, 2023.

1 EU, European Union; RTII, regional trade introversion index.

Table 2.

The RTII of the USMCA (formerly NAFTA) in the years 2001–2022

Year	All goods	Medium technology manufactures	High technology manufactures
2001	0.67	0.77	0.37
2002	0.67	0.77	0.36
2003	0.69	0.80	0.39
2004	0.70	0.80	0.46
2005	0.69	0.79	0.44
2006	0.68	0.78	0.36
2007	0.69	0.79	0.38
2008	0.69	0.77	0.39
2009	0.69	0.80	0.46
2010	0.69	0.80	0.46
2011	0.70	0.80	0.46
2012	0.70	0.78	0.46
2013	0.71	0.79	0.47
2014	0.71	0.79	0.46
2015	0.68	0.77	0.44
2016	0.67	0.78	0.42
2017	0.68	0.78	0.42
2018	0.69	0.78	0.44
2019	0.68	0.78	0.44
2020	0.67	0.78	0.42
2021	0.68	0.78	0.41
2022	0.69	0.77	0.39

1 Source: Own calculations based on UNCTAD statistics, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, accessed on July 11, 2023.

1 RTII, regional trade introversion index; USMCA, United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement.

Table 3.

The RTII of ANZCERTA in the years 2001–2022

Year	All goods	Medium technology manufactures	High technology manufactures
2001	0.75	0.81	0.75
2002	0.76	0.80	0.73
2003	0.77	0.81	0.76
2004	0.76	0.80	0.73
2005	0.74	0.79	0.74
2006	0.71	0.79	0.73
2007	0.72	0.78	0.72
2008	0.66	0.74	0.70
2009	0.63	0.73	0.71
2010	0.60	0.72	0.69
2011	0.58	0.74	0.67
2012	0.54	0.64	0.66
2013	0.54	0.68	0.69
2014	0.56	0.69	0.69
2015	0.58	0.66	0.71
2016	0.59	0.69	0.68
2017	0.52	0.66	0.68
2018	0.51	0.68	0.66
2019	0.48	0.70	0.67
2020	0.48	0.69	0.69
2021	0.40	0.65	0.72
2022	0.31	0.59	0.63

1 Source: Own calculations based on UNCTAD statistics, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, accessed on July 11, 2023.

1 ANZCERTA, Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Agreement; RTII, regional trade introversion index.

Table 4.

The RTII of MERCOSUR in the years 2001–2022

Year	All goods	Medium technology manufactures	High technology manufactures
2001	0.91	0.93	0.79
2002	0.89	0.92	0.74
2003	0.90	0.93	0.84
2004	0.89	0.94	0.86
2005	0.89	0.93	0.89
2006	0.89	0.93	0.86
2007	0.89	0.94	0.84
2008	0.86	0.92	0.80
2009	0.87	0.93	0.81
2010	0.85	0.93	0.79
2011	0.84	0.92	0.75
2012	0.83	0.91	0.65
2013	0.83	0.92	0.64
2014	0.82	0.92	0.62
2015	0.83	0.92	0.68
2016	0.86	0.93	0.73
2017	0.86	0.94	0.68
2018	0.85	0.92	0.70
2019	0.82	0.90	0.67
2020	0.82	0.90	0.68
2021	0.81	0.90	0.64
2022	0.78	0.88	0.68

1 Source: Own calculations based on UNCTAD statistics, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, accessed on July 11, 2023.

1 MERCOSUR, Mercado Común del Sur; RTII, regional trade introversion index.

Table 5.

The RTII of ASEAN in the years 2001–2022

Year	All goods	Medium technology manufactures	High technology manufactures
2001	0.70	0.77	0.53
2002	0.70	0.78	0.53
2003	0.72	0.79	0.51
2004	0.73	0.81	0.54
2005	0.74	0.81	0.57
2006	0.73	0.82	0.56
2007	0.74	0.81	0.53
2008	0.74	0.80	0.56
2009	0.72	0.79	0.53
2010	0.70	0.77	0.52
2011	0.70	0.76	0.53
2012	0.69	0.74	0.51
2013	0.69	0.75	0.49
2014	0.69	0.75	0.49
2015	0.67	0.74	0.48
2016	0.66	0.73	0.46
2017	0.64	0.72	0.42
2018	0.64	0.71	0.41
2019	0.63	0.70	0.38
2020	0.59	0.66	0.34
2021	0.59	0.64	0.34
2022	0.60	0.63	0.30

1 Source: Own calculations based on UNCTAD statistics, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, accessed on July 11, 2023.

1 ASEAN, Association of Southeast Asian Nations; RTII, regional trade introversion index.

Table 6.

The RTII of CEMAC in the years 2001–2022

Year	All goods	Medium technology manufactures	High technology manufactures
2001	0.92	0.92	0.91
2002	0.94	0.95	0.96
2003	0.94	0.96	0.98
2004	0.92	0.97	0.96
2005	0.90	0.96	0.98
2006	0.90	0.94	0.96
2007	0.93	0.98	0.98
2008	0.93	0.99	0.96
2009	0.93	0.99	0.97
2010	0.93	0.99	0.95
2011	0.94	0.99	0.97
2012	0.92	0.98	0.95
2013	0.93	0.97	0.96
2014	0.91	0.94	0.92
2015	0.92	0.92	0.94
2016	0.95	0.96	0.96
2017	0.95	0.98	0.94
2018	0.94	0.99	0.95
2019	0.93	0.98	0.95
2020	0.95	0.98	0.96
2021	0.93	0.98	0.96
2022	0.95	0.98	0.98

1 Source: Own calculations based on UNCTAD statistics, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, accessed on July 11, 2023.

1 CEMAC, Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale; RTII, regional trade introversion index.

Table 7.

The RTII of SACU in the years 2001–2022

Year	All goods	Medium technology manufactures	High technology manufactures
2001	0.90	0.91	0.92
2002	0.91	0.92	0.91
2003	0.90	0.92	0.91
2004	0.90	0.90	0.89
2005	0.87	0.86	0.86
2006	0.84	0.87	0.83
2007	0.84	0.87	0.83
2008	0.87	0.88	0.84
2009	0.90	0.91	0.90
2010	0.94	0.95	0.94
2011	0.92	0.94	0.93
2012	0.93	0.95	0.93
2013	0.94	0.94	0.93
2014	0.94	0.95	0.94
2015	0.95	0.95	0.94
2016	0.95	0.95	0.94
2017	0.94	0.96	0.94
2018	0.94	0.96	0.93
2019	0.94	0.96	0.94
2020	0.94	0.97	0.95
2021	0.87	0.90	0.84
2022	0.93	0.96	0.93

1 Source: Own calculations based on UNCTAD statistics, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, accessed on July 11, 2023.

1 RTII, regional trade introversion index; SACU, Southern African Customs Union.

Table 8.

Internal and external trade of the analyzed RTAs in 2022 (in billions of USD, current prices, and exchange rates)

	Internal trade	External trade
All goods
EU	8,131.44	6,240.42
USMCA	3,106.07	4,673.70
ANZCERTA	24.63	796.39
MERCOSUR	93.54	753.21
ASEAN	831.74	2,998.68
CEMAC	1.91	52.70
SACU	31.39	242.12
Medium technology manufactures
EU	2,648.21	1,676.78
USMCA	1,142.15	1,190.92
ANZCERTA	5.69	136.59
MERCOSUR	38.27	178.48
ASEAN	163.11	646.45
CEMAC	0.49	8.29
SACU	6.86	55.99
High technology manufactures
EU	1,297.98	1,250.25
USMCA	391.50	1,131.71
ANZCERTA	2.31	72.22
MERCOSUR	2.83	73.02
ASEAN	170.44	865.14
CEMAC	0.04	2.27
SACU	1.43	17.28

1 Source: Own calculations based on UNCTAD statistics, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, accessed on July 11, 2023.

1 ANZCERTA, Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Agreement; ASEAN, Association of Southeast Asian Nations; CEMAC, Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale; EU, European Union; MERCOSUR, Mercado Común del Sur; RTAs, regional trading arrangements; SACU, Southern African Customs Union; USMCA, United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2024-0025 | Journal eISSN: 2543-5361 (formerly 2299-9701) | Journal ISSN: 2299-9701

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Language: English

Page range: 29 - 43

Submitted on: Dec 11, 2023

Accepted on: May 19, 2024

Published on: Mar 31, 2025

Published by: SGH Warsaw School of Economics

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

economic integration,

extra-RTA trade,

intra-RTA trade

JEL:

F14,

F15

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Management accounting, financial controlling, cost calculation, investment

© 2025 Elżbieta Czarny, Paweł Folfas, Aleksandra Szarek-Piaskowska, published by SGH Warsaw School of Economics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 61 (2025): Issue 1 (March 2025)