Figure 1.
![“Factories” in GVCs in 2019.
Source: Own elaboration based on https://kidb.adb.org/mrio [2023]. GVCs, global value chains.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6666dab3dd1c3d1f8713bbce/j_ijme-2024-0021_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHNXUMBZS%2F20251213%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251213T122417Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDKq7L2pNZMrsw9gxo5KifszqOSKfJjTIPvA8JOEx8aCgIhAKkG%2BJKPzzoC3A0bLj%2Bp34dCwDXfrjRFBQNDHOxt%2Fml8Kr0FCBkQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgytNS3TxyT0yY0UvrwqmgWbGVk%2BhF24f%2Bdrj1lXm3y7kvWssoeuy9FLUlivF3DWaYktEL7k%2BcGO0Joe7v3C6EA7gw8hXAnUHnro%2FOaGCNgin0kWKZ%2F0N2iOuG8jDj6OPPVKRAYyqnYTewgppgy9F4Xj1L8w64ccGC2l2s8yUoJYWK15x70PKP4kp8fSOF%2FbFktCLVAbzFCqC1Bi2vCpVOL9c%2B8ZQn8%2FlmTDMxx9b84XsYpQXdXrmRMfuk79XlfO8%2Fb3Llry0rZAOJ55ouU2kqmUqSHPtl%2BF9rJpQ8bMOY6dPE0czMwwxy0oCz2%2FTT06SSwbeQrfR%2Fl65150Y4NpjCoMmrosazSCA70iY4lLXfwH7167AQ0fl8PicRwse6zfkL%2BsB8oGof8FOPpwwGDV4yTX%2B9xKr8oqzALYvsb%2BZo%2B22Tym4qurk0jpo7i%2F5Rklg%2BltrG7pSUc38cHchSwRM49dbPec612EKHgyTsCPmtu5udIp3jeIs10b2AQvJy952J15Ux87GXWnsp%2BByCr14uKGfPFDK%2F0qMEdh6JHUeT67q9hYws6LH0hoS6PS%2BoSg3vprWH7HZF0y%2Bn3Ffw6RA3I4SiYwb1vTyhD65yfusCUkrlYgx2%2FzhqYzVW09Cm07ZEcadrLERufvN0e%2BvxYYnkYPiHtTI1TMumyyHAli2nXJPAdZNlxok0Lj23zLoW0OoAWHjqEDus8iPnz6e91cld2238PX4B8hrIlQZlv5mXimbp0%2FXchHijXvRRGxB11HENOjuq0aey3bv%2F0%2F3ngZSMcL0g%2F79yfhviz3oD7UisNt9rWCuD18EJRVDjogZg0SS9OaYSw%2B%2BqIZDbvoPG%2FSgR2pwGpPukvhobi5TXUq5sRrJzskC8cEuuO6NXtP0vGOhzclhNJ%2FhanXqNUwrLz0yQY6sAH8yBWFE2Yf4Vdy0sWWVj82rv20BYJd21Y%2BFPSArOEmNZvvaX3J%2F92KVKINabVkKJWi6PtF%2Fzp7gycwBv6EtkAJfGLOYL5qbI6UnSKUIwZW7zlDkSsdpl%2BWCLVQMx8j1NGqkgz7ZcZYhTWk2veS21UR%2Fv8Ax9csPszBoDmUsPJpRu9Ju6iC4bvN7BZxibMzfImmG1vrBiz6PwSiYAVrduki19XxeNhMOq1niJCxH1F73g%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=017185c910df14a2538dabed0350fba9429d95280d499f0c122851ef61742ed1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![“Factories” in GVCs in 2020.
Source: Own elaboration based on https://kidb.adb.org/mrio [2023]. GVCs, global value chains.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6666dab3dd1c3d1f8713bbce/j_ijme-2024-0021_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHNXUMBZS%2F20251213%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251213T122417Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDKq7L2pNZMrsw9gxo5KifszqOSKfJjTIPvA8JOEx8aCgIhAKkG%2BJKPzzoC3A0bLj%2Bp34dCwDXfrjRFBQNDHOxt%2Fml8Kr0FCBkQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgytNS3TxyT0yY0UvrwqmgWbGVk%2BhF24f%2Bdrj1lXm3y7kvWssoeuy9FLUlivF3DWaYktEL7k%2BcGO0Joe7v3C6EA7gw8hXAnUHnro%2FOaGCNgin0kWKZ%2F0N2iOuG8jDj6OPPVKRAYyqnYTewgppgy9F4Xj1L8w64ccGC2l2s8yUoJYWK15x70PKP4kp8fSOF%2FbFktCLVAbzFCqC1Bi2vCpVOL9c%2B8ZQn8%2FlmTDMxx9b84XsYpQXdXrmRMfuk79XlfO8%2Fb3Llry0rZAOJ55ouU2kqmUqSHPtl%2BF9rJpQ8bMOY6dPE0czMwwxy0oCz2%2FTT06SSwbeQrfR%2Fl65150Y4NpjCoMmrosazSCA70iY4lLXfwH7167AQ0fl8PicRwse6zfkL%2BsB8oGof8FOPpwwGDV4yTX%2B9xKr8oqzALYvsb%2BZo%2B22Tym4qurk0jpo7i%2F5Rklg%2BltrG7pSUc38cHchSwRM49dbPec612EKHgyTsCPmtu5udIp3jeIs10b2AQvJy952J15Ux87GXWnsp%2BByCr14uKGfPFDK%2F0qMEdh6JHUeT67q9hYws6LH0hoS6PS%2BoSg3vprWH7HZF0y%2Bn3Ffw6RA3I4SiYwb1vTyhD65yfusCUkrlYgx2%2FzhqYzVW09Cm07ZEcadrLERufvN0e%2BvxYYnkYPiHtTI1TMumyyHAli2nXJPAdZNlxok0Lj23zLoW0OoAWHjqEDus8iPnz6e91cld2238PX4B8hrIlQZlv5mXimbp0%2FXchHijXvRRGxB11HENOjuq0aey3bv%2F0%2F3ngZSMcL0g%2F79yfhviz3oD7UisNt9rWCuD18EJRVDjogZg0SS9OaYSw%2B%2BqIZDbvoPG%2FSgR2pwGpPukvhobi5TXUq5sRrJzskC8cEuuO6NXtP0vGOhzclhNJ%2FhanXqNUwrLz0yQY6sAH8yBWFE2Yf4Vdy0sWWVj82rv20BYJd21Y%2BFPSArOEmNZvvaX3J%2F92KVKINabVkKJWi6PtF%2Fzp7gycwBv6EtkAJfGLOYL5qbI6UnSKUIwZW7zlDkSsdpl%2BWCLVQMx8j1NGqkgz7ZcZYhTWk2veS21UR%2Fv8Ax9csPszBoDmUsPJpRu9Ju6iC4bvN7BZxibMzfImmG1vrBiz6PwSiYAVrduki19XxeNhMOq1niJCxH1F73g%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=9a2c4a5596230bbc0c8292c4016e2fbeae863a62c8a8ebd19ae6d81a4b86bb54&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![“Factories” in GVCs in 2021.
Source: Own elaboration based on https://kidb.adb.org/mrio [2023]. GVCs, global value chains.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6666dab3dd1c3d1f8713bbce/j_ijme-2024-0021_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHNXUMBZS%2F20251213%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251213T122417Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDKq7L2pNZMrsw9gxo5KifszqOSKfJjTIPvA8JOEx8aCgIhAKkG%2BJKPzzoC3A0bLj%2Bp34dCwDXfrjRFBQNDHOxt%2Fml8Kr0FCBkQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgytNS3TxyT0yY0UvrwqmgWbGVk%2BhF24f%2Bdrj1lXm3y7kvWssoeuy9FLUlivF3DWaYktEL7k%2BcGO0Joe7v3C6EA7gw8hXAnUHnro%2FOaGCNgin0kWKZ%2F0N2iOuG8jDj6OPPVKRAYyqnYTewgppgy9F4Xj1L8w64ccGC2l2s8yUoJYWK15x70PKP4kp8fSOF%2FbFktCLVAbzFCqC1Bi2vCpVOL9c%2B8ZQn8%2FlmTDMxx9b84XsYpQXdXrmRMfuk79XlfO8%2Fb3Llry0rZAOJ55ouU2kqmUqSHPtl%2BF9rJpQ8bMOY6dPE0czMwwxy0oCz2%2FTT06SSwbeQrfR%2Fl65150Y4NpjCoMmrosazSCA70iY4lLXfwH7167AQ0fl8PicRwse6zfkL%2BsB8oGof8FOPpwwGDV4yTX%2B9xKr8oqzALYvsb%2BZo%2B22Tym4qurk0jpo7i%2F5Rklg%2BltrG7pSUc38cHchSwRM49dbPec612EKHgyTsCPmtu5udIp3jeIs10b2AQvJy952J15Ux87GXWnsp%2BByCr14uKGfPFDK%2F0qMEdh6JHUeT67q9hYws6LH0hoS6PS%2BoSg3vprWH7HZF0y%2Bn3Ffw6RA3I4SiYwb1vTyhD65yfusCUkrlYgx2%2FzhqYzVW09Cm07ZEcadrLERufvN0e%2BvxYYnkYPiHtTI1TMumyyHAli2nXJPAdZNlxok0Lj23zLoW0OoAWHjqEDus8iPnz6e91cld2238PX4B8hrIlQZlv5mXimbp0%2FXchHijXvRRGxB11HENOjuq0aey3bv%2F0%2F3ngZSMcL0g%2F79yfhviz3oD7UisNt9rWCuD18EJRVDjogZg0SS9OaYSw%2B%2BqIZDbvoPG%2FSgR2pwGpPukvhobi5TXUq5sRrJzskC8cEuuO6NXtP0vGOhzclhNJ%2FhanXqNUwrLz0yQY6sAH8yBWFE2Yf4Vdy0sWWVj82rv20BYJd21Y%2BFPSArOEmNZvvaX3J%2F92KVKINabVkKJWi6PtF%2Fzp7gycwBv6EtkAJfGLOYL5qbI6UnSKUIwZW7zlDkSsdpl%2BWCLVQMx8j1NGqkgz7ZcZYhTWk2veS21UR%2Fv8Ax9csPszBoDmUsPJpRu9Ju6iC4bvN7BZxibMzfImmG1vrBiz6PwSiYAVrduki19XxeNhMOq1niJCxH1F73g%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=bb41b895e22bcf2a0a60035a47e2c76720b6a250c85fc9fe69cad592f952ccae&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
![“Factories” in GVCs in 2022.
Source: Own elaboration based on https://kidb.adb.org/mrio [2023].GVCs, global value chains.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6666dab3dd1c3d1f8713bbce/j_ijme-2024-0021_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHNXUMBZS%2F20251213%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251213T122417Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDKq7L2pNZMrsw9gxo5KifszqOSKfJjTIPvA8JOEx8aCgIhAKkG%2BJKPzzoC3A0bLj%2Bp34dCwDXfrjRFBQNDHOxt%2Fml8Kr0FCBkQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgytNS3TxyT0yY0UvrwqmgWbGVk%2BhF24f%2Bdrj1lXm3y7kvWssoeuy9FLUlivF3DWaYktEL7k%2BcGO0Joe7v3C6EA7gw8hXAnUHnro%2FOaGCNgin0kWKZ%2F0N2iOuG8jDj6OPPVKRAYyqnYTewgppgy9F4Xj1L8w64ccGC2l2s8yUoJYWK15x70PKP4kp8fSOF%2FbFktCLVAbzFCqC1Bi2vCpVOL9c%2B8ZQn8%2FlmTDMxx9b84XsYpQXdXrmRMfuk79XlfO8%2Fb3Llry0rZAOJ55ouU2kqmUqSHPtl%2BF9rJpQ8bMOY6dPE0czMwwxy0oCz2%2FTT06SSwbeQrfR%2Fl65150Y4NpjCoMmrosazSCA70iY4lLXfwH7167AQ0fl8PicRwse6zfkL%2BsB8oGof8FOPpwwGDV4yTX%2B9xKr8oqzALYvsb%2BZo%2B22Tym4qurk0jpo7i%2F5Rklg%2BltrG7pSUc38cHchSwRM49dbPec612EKHgyTsCPmtu5udIp3jeIs10b2AQvJy952J15Ux87GXWnsp%2BByCr14uKGfPFDK%2F0qMEdh6JHUeT67q9hYws6LH0hoS6PS%2BoSg3vprWH7HZF0y%2Bn3Ffw6RA3I4SiYwb1vTyhD65yfusCUkrlYgx2%2FzhqYzVW09Cm07ZEcadrLERufvN0e%2BvxYYnkYPiHtTI1TMumyyHAli2nXJPAdZNlxok0Lj23zLoW0OoAWHjqEDus8iPnz6e91cld2238PX4B8hrIlQZlv5mXimbp0%2FXchHijXvRRGxB11HENOjuq0aey3bv%2F0%2F3ngZSMcL0g%2F79yfhviz3oD7UisNt9rWCuD18EJRVDjogZg0SS9OaYSw%2B%2BqIZDbvoPG%2FSgR2pwGpPukvhobi5TXUq5sRrJzskC8cEuuO6NXtP0vGOhzclhNJ%2FhanXqNUwrLz0yQY6sAH8yBWFE2Yf4Vdy0sWWVj82rv20BYJd21Y%2BFPSArOEmNZvvaX3J%2F92KVKINabVkKJWi6PtF%2Fzp7gycwBv6EtkAJfGLOYL5qbI6UnSKUIwZW7zlDkSsdpl%2BWCLVQMx8j1NGqkgz7ZcZYhTWk2veS21UR%2Fv8Ax9csPszBoDmUsPJpRu9Ju6iC4bvN7BZxibMzfImmG1vrBiz6PwSiYAVrduki19XxeNhMOq1niJCxH1F73g%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=386cf4b3f62fefb29dd163942ae78baaf387d9207788a22fe58978cee980fc39&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figures & Tables
Language: English
Page range: 147 - 153
Submitted on: Nov 6, 2023
Accepted on: Feb 3, 2024
Published on: Jun 10, 2024
Published by: Warsaw School of Economics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
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© 2024 Paweł Folfas, published by Warsaw School of Economics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.