Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Average marginal effects from the ordered probit model for the probability of being very happy or being very satisfied with life_
| Happiness | Life satisfaction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Wealth: Bottom 50% | –0.006 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Wealth: Middle 40% | (0.005) | –0.006** | (0.003) | |||||
| –0.003* | ||||||||
| Wealth: Top 10% | (0.003) | 0.004** | (0.002) | 0.001 | ||||
| Wealth: Top 1% | (0.002) | 0.004** | (0.001) | 0.002** | ||||
| Observations | 256,164 | 256,164 | 256,164 | 256,164 | 256,588 | 256,588 | 256,588 | 256,588 |
| Countries | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 |
| Pseudo-R2 | 0.130 | 0.131 | 0.131 | 0.131 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.068 |
Average marginal effects from the ordered probit model for the probability of being very happy or being very satisfied with life: “rich” countries_
| Happiness | Life satisfaction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Wealth: Bottom 50% | –0.005 | 0.006*** | ||||||
| Wealth: Middle 40% | (0.005) | 0.003 | (0.002) | 0.000 | ||||
| Wealth: Top 10% | (0.003) | –0.003 | (0.003) | –0.001 | ||||
| Wealth: Top 1% | (0.002) | –0.002 | (0.002) | 0.000 | ||||
| Observations | 122,235 | 122,235 | 122,235 | 122,235 | 122,484 | 122,484 | 122,484 | 122,484 |
| Countries | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 |
| Pseudo-R2 | 0.137 | 0.137 | 0.137 | 0.137 | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.065 |
Average marginal effects from the ordered probit model for the probability of being very happy or being very satisfied with life:“poor”countries
| Happiness | Life satisfaction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Wealth: Bottom 50% | −0.017*** | −0.005 | ||||||
| Wealth: Middle 40% | (0.006) | −0.010*** | (0.005) | −0.006** | ||||
| Wealth: Top 10% | (0.003) | 0.007** | (0.003) | 0.004* | ||||
| Wealth: Top 1% | (0.002) | 0.006** | (0.002) | 0.004*** | ||||
| Observations | 133,929 | 133,929 | 133,929 | 133,929 | 134,104 | 134,104 | 134,104 | 134,104 |
| Countries | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Pseudo-R2 | 0.123 | 0.124 | 0.124 | 0.123 | 0.064 | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.065 |
Descriptive statistics:Inequality measures_
| Countries | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min. | Max. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-tax income:Bottom 50% | 59 | 17.28 | 5.31 | 6.18 | 26.36 |
| Pre-tax income:Middle 40% | 59 | 42.49 | 5.11 | 29.29 | 52.81 |
| Pre-tax income:Top 10% | 59 | 40.22 | 9.79 | 27.47 | 63.62 |
| Pre-tax income:Top 1% | 59 | 13.83 | 5.09 | 6.61 | 28.61 |
| Post-tax income:Bottom 50% | 41 | 24.19 | 6.90 | 8.10 | 34.83 |
| Post-tax income:Middle 40% | 41 | 43.48 | 5.01 | 29.53 | 53.75 |
| Post-tax income:Top 10% | 42 | 32.33 | 10.60 | 22.08 | 60.69 |
| Post-tax income:Top 1% | 42 | 9.91 | 5.14 | 4.92 | 24.36 |
| Wealth:Bottom 50% | 58 | 3.91 | 2.76 | −2.77 | 11.76 |
| Wealth:Middle 40% | 58 | 34.58 | 6.68 | 16.88 | 46.17 |
| Wealth:Top 10% | 58 | 61.51 | 8.62 | 43.94 | 85.89 |
| Wealth:Top 1% | 58 | 28.08 | 9.15 | 13.84 | 52.35 |
The list of countries and the number of observations included in the regressions
| Number of observations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Table 2: Pre-tax income | Table 3: Bottom 50% and Middle 40% of Post-tax income | Table 3: Top 10% and Top 1% of Post-tax income | Table 4: Wealth | Table 5: Low- and middle-income economies | Table 6: High-income economies |
| Argentina | 2,833 | 766 | 766 | 2,833 | 2,067 | 766 |
| Australia | 5,611 | 5,611 | 5,611 | 5,611 | 0 | 5,611 |
| Austria | 2,502 | 2,502 | 2,502 | 2,502 | 0 | 2,502 |
| Belgium | 1,342 | 1,342 | 1,342 | 1,342 | 0 | 1,342 |
| Brazil | 7,133 | 4,402 | 4,402 | 5,492 | 5,492 | 0 |
| Bulgaria | 4,078 | 4,078 | 4,078 | 4,078 | 4,078 | 0 |
| Canada | 7,419 | 0 | 3,422 | 7,419 | 0 | 7,419 |
| Chile | 4,638 | 3,736 | 3,736 | 4,638 | 2,930 | 1,708 |
| China | 6,959 | 0 | 0 | 6,959 | 6,959 | 0 |
| Colombia | 5,929 | 2,961 | 2,961 | 5,929 | 5,929 | 0 |
| Croatia | 2,396 | 2,396 | 2,396 | 2,396 | 0 | 2,396 |
| Cyprus | 3,635 | 3,635 | 3,635 | 3,635 | 0 | 3,635 |
| Czech Republic | 3,392 | 3,392 | 3,392 | 3,392 | 865 | 2,527 |
| Denmark | 4,104 | 4,104 | 4,104 | 4,104 | 0 | 4,104 |
| Dominican Republic | 296 | 0 | 0 | 296 | 296 | 0 |
| Ecuador | 2,306 | 2,306 | 2,306 | 2,306 | 2,306 | 0 |
| Egypt | 6,760 | 0 | 0 | 6,760 | 6,760 | 0 |
| El Salvador | 1,033 | 0 | 0 | 1,033 | 1,033 | 0 |
| Estonia | 4,715 | 4,715 | 4,715 | 4,715 | 923 | 3,792 |
| Finland | 3,685 | 3,685 | 3,685 | 3,685 | 0 | 3,685 |
| France | 3,882 | 3,882 | 3,882 | 3,882 | 0 | 3,882 |
| Georgia | 5,928 | 0 | 0 | 5,928 | 5,928 | 0 |
| Germany | 10,054 | 10,054 | 10,054 | 10,054 | 0 | 10,054 |
| Greece | 2,355 | 2,355 | 2,355 | 2,355 | 0 | 2,355 |
| Hong Kong | 3,057 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hungary | 3,328 | 3,328 | 3,328 | 3,328 | 0 | 3,328 |
| Iceland | 2,119 | 2,119 | 2,119 | 2,119 | 0 | 2,119 |
| India | 10,028 | 0 | 0 | 8,311 | 8,311 | 0 |
| Iraq | 6,619 | 0 | 0 | 6,619 | 6,619 | 0 |
| Ireland | 515 | 515 | 515 | 515 | 0 | 515 |
| Italy | 3,074 | 3,074 | 3,074 | 3,074 | 0 | 3,074 |
| Jordan | 3,478 | 0 | 0 | 3,478 | 3,478 | 0 |
| Korea | 4,784 | 0 | 0 | 4,784 | 0 | 4,784 |
| Latvia | 2,236 | 2,236 | 2,236 | 2,236 | 2,236 | 0 |
| Lebanon | 2,300 | 0 | 0 | 2,300 | 2,300 | 0 |
| Lithuania | 2,961 | 2,961 | 2,961 | 2,961 | 1,935 | 1,026 |
| Luxembourg | 1,147 | 1,147 | 1,147 | 1,147 | 0 | 1,147 |
| Mexico | 7,239 | 4,925 | 4,925 | 7,239 | 7,239 | 0 |
| Netherlands | 5,446 | 5,446 | 5,446 | 5,446 | 0 | 5,446 |
| New Zealand | 3,032 | 0 | 0 | 3,032 | 0 | 3,032 |
| Norway | 4,006 | 4,006 | 4,006 | 4,006 | 0 | 4,006 |
| Peru | 6,205 | 5,280 | 5,280 | 6,205 | 6,205 | 0 |
| Poland | 3,842 | 3,842 | 3,842 | 3,842 | 1,914 | 1,928 |
| Portugal | 782 | 782 | 782 | 782 | 0 | 782 |
| Romania | 7,229 | 7,229 | 7,229 | 7,229 | 7,229 | 0 |
| Russian Federation | 9,197 | 0 | 0 | 9,197 | 9,197 | 0 |
| Serbia | 6,154 | 6,154 | 6,154 | 6,154 | 6,154 | 0 |
| Singapore | 3,587 | 0 | 0 | 3,587 | 0 | 3,587 |
| Slovakia | 2,813 | 2,813 | 2,813 | 2,813 | 861 | 1,952 |
| Slovenia | 3,430 | 3,430 | 3,430 | 3,430 | 0 | 3,430 |
| South Africa | 13,179 | 0 | 0 | 10,927 | 10,927 | 0 |
| Spain | 5,558 | 5,558 | 5,558 | 5,558 | 0 | 5,558 |
| Sweden | 4,824 | 4,824 | 4,824 | 4,824 | 0 | 4,824 |
| Switzerland | 5,637 | 5,637 | 5,637 | 5,637 | 0 | 5,637 |
| Turkey | 11,930 | 0 | 0 | 11,028 | 11,028 | 0 |
| USA | 6,991 | 6,991 | 6,991 | 6,991 | 0 | 6,991 |
| United Kingdom | 3,291 | 3,291 | 3,291 | 3,291 | 0 | 3,291 |
| Uruguay | 2,730 | 1,849 | 1,849 | 2,730 | 2,730 | 0 |