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Restrictions applied by WTO countries in international trade in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic Cover

Restrictions applied by WTO countries in international trade in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

International Journal of Management and Economics
Volume 60 (2024): Issue 3 (September 2024)
By: Małgorzata Fronczek  
Open Access
|Apr 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Value of world exports in the years 2009–2021 (in trillion US$). Source: [WTO Stats, 2023].
Value of world exports in the years 2009–2021 (in trillion US$). Source: [WTO Stats, 2023].

Figure 2.

Volume of world exports in the years 2009–2022 (previous year = 100). Source: [WTO Stats, 2023].
Volume of world exports in the years 2009–2022 (previous year = 100). Source: [WTO Stats, 2023].

Figure 3.

Nontariff measures entered into force* in WTO countries in the years 1995–2021. Source: own elaboration based on: WTO [2023]. NTMs include: SPS, TBT, ADP, CV, QR, TRQ, SG, and XS. Specific trade concerns—TBT and SPS not notified by the imposing country. *Measures entered into force in a given year. As of February 24, 2023. ADP, anti-dumping; CV, countervailing; QR, quantitative restrictions; SG, safeguards and special safeguards; SPS, sanitary and phytosanitary standards; TBT, technical barriers; TRQ, tariff-rate quotas; XS, export subsidies.
Nontariff measures entered into force* in WTO countries in the years 1995–2021. Source: own elaboration based on: WTO [2023]. NTMs include: SPS, TBT, ADP, CV, QR, TRQ, SG, and XS. Specific trade concerns—TBT and SPS not notified by the imposing country. *Measures entered into force in a given year. As of February 24, 2023. ADP, anti-dumping; CV, countervailing; QR, quantitative restrictions; SG, safeguards and special safeguards; SPS, sanitary and phytosanitary standards; TBT, technical barriers; TRQ, tariff-rate quotas; XS, export subsidies.

Figure 4.

Structure of NTMs entered into force in WTO members in the years 2009–2021. Source: own elaboration based on: WTO [2023]. ADP, anti-dumping; CV, countervailing; QR, quantitative restrictions; SG, safeguards and special safeguards; SPS, sanitary and phytosanitary standards; TBT, technical barriers; TRQ, tariff-rate quotas; WTO, World Trade Organization.
Structure of NTMs entered into force in WTO members in the years 2009–2021. Source: own elaboration based on: WTO [2023]. ADP, anti-dumping; CV, countervailing; QR, quantitative restrictions; SG, safeguards and special safeguards; SPS, sanitary and phytosanitary standards; TBT, technical barriers; TRQ, tariff-rate quotas; WTO, World Trade Organization.

Figure 5.

World trade under import restrictions in the years 2009–2021*. Source: WTO [2020, 2021a, 2022], [WTO Stats, 2023]. *The data as of the end of the third quarter.
World trade under import restrictions in the years 2009–2021*. Source: WTO [2020, 2021a, 2022], [WTO Stats, 2023]. *The data as of the end of the third quarter.

Figure 6.

Value* of world trade under import restrictions and facilitations introduced in the years 2012–2021 (in US$ billion). *Value of trade subject to new measures introduced in a given period. Source: WTO [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019a, 2020, 2021a, 2022].
Value* of world trade under import restrictions and facilitations introduced in the years 2012–2021 (in US$ billion). *Value of trade subject to new measures introduced in a given period. Source: WTO [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019a, 2020, 2021a, 2022].

Figure 7.

Value of world trade under nontariff measures* introduced in the years 2012–2020 (in US$ billion). *Value of trade subject to new measures introduced in a given period. Applies to measures: ADP, CV, and safeguards. Source: WTO [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019a, 2020, 2021a]. ADP, anti-dumping. CV, countervailing.
Value of world trade under nontariff measures* introduced in the years 2012–2020 (in US$ billion). *Value of trade subject to new measures introduced in a given period. Applies to measures: ADP, CV, and safeguards. Source: WTO [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019a, 2020, 2021a]. ADP, anti-dumping. CV, countervailing.

Number of notifications on SPS, CV measures, and TBT reported by WTO members in 2005–2021

YearsSPSCVTBT
20058566897
20061,15681,030
20071,196111,229
20081,264161,523
20091,019281,893
20101,40891,869
20111,391251,773
20121,219232,195
20131,299332,140
20141,634452,240
20151,681311,977
20161,392342,331
20171,479412,580
20181,631553,061
20191,757363,337
20202,122273,354
20211,825113,966

Applied average tariffs (MFN)* in years 2017–2021

Tariffs (%)20172018201920202021
Number of countriesIn%Number of countriesIn%Number of countriesIn%Number of countriesIn%Number of countriesIn%
0.0–5.02420.52319.52620.01820.02820.4
5.1–10.05042.75042.44836.93640.05540.1
10.1–15.03731.63933.14836.93437.84734.3
Above 15.065.165.186.222.275.1
Total117100.0118100.0130100.090100.0137100.0

NTMs entered into force in WTO countries in the years 2009–2021 by types

YearsSPSSPS STCsTBTTBT STCsADPCVQRTRQSG
2009313132544615595003128
2010418222912913819487077
2011361162254310410453086
2012345162363513010443287
201334624206421801366444
2014369141944616512311540
201528721471371931412021
2016328144583118726006
2017114172242619018009
201831811322210280012
201901714334164350021
202003616157108240013
20210272975660009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2024-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2543-5361 | Journal ISSN: 2299-9701
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Language: English
Page range: 173 - 185
Submitted on: Oct 5, 2023
|
Accepted on: Feb 24, 2024
|
Published on: Apr 24, 2024
Published by: Warsaw School of Economics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
COVID-19,
liberalization in international trade,
nontariff restrictions,
tariff restrictions,
WTO
Related subjects:
Business and economics,
Political economics,
Economic theory, systems and structures,
Business management,
Management accounting, financial controlling, cost calculation, investment

© 2024 Małgorzata Fronczek, published by Warsaw School of Economics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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