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Energy security as a source of international competitiveness in new EU member states Cover

Energy security as a source of international competitiveness in new EU member states

International Journal of Management and Economics
Volume 59 (2023): Issue 3 (September 2023)
By:  and    
Open Access
|Sep 2023
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Poland’s and EU’s GDP annual growth rate (%) 2005–2019. Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020].

Figure 2.

Poland’s and EU’s exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 2005–2019. Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020].

Figure 3.

Poland’s and EU’s total primary energy supply (tons of oil equivalent, millions) 2005–2018. Source: Own work based on data from the OECD [2020].

Figure 4.

Relative share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption 2005–2018. BG, Bulgaria; CZ, Czechia; ES, Estonia; HU, Hungary; LT, Lithuania; LV, Latvia; MT, Malta; RO, Romania; SK, Slovakia; SL, Slovenia. Source: Own work based on data from the Eurostat [2020c].

Figure 5.

Poland’s RCA* 2004–2017. Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020].

Figure 6.

Relative RCA* for the analyzed economies. BG, Bulgaria; CZ, Czechia; ES, Estonia; HU, Hungary; LT, Lithuania; LV, Latvia; MT, Malta; RO, Romania; SK, Slovakia; SL, Slovenia. Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020].

Results of econometric modeling

 Model 1 (Eq. [3])Model 2 (Eq. [4])Model 3 (Eq. [5])
ln(RCAi⋆)−ln(RCAPL∗)$\ln \left( {RCA_i^ \star } \right) - \ln \left( {RCA_{PL}^ * } \right)$Coef.P > tCoef.P > tCoef.P > t
ln(TPESi) – ln(TPESPL)–0.220*0.058–0.213**0.023–0.170*0.078
ln(EIDi) – ln(EIDPL)–0.0130.743----
ln(RES) – ln(RESPL)–0.018**0.047–0.020**0.018--
ln(EIi) – ln(EIPL)–0.0310.671----
ln(GHGi) – ln(GHGPL)0.0210.684----
[ ln(KiLi)−ln(KPLLPL) ]KiGVAi$\left[ {\ln \left( {{{{K_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{{K_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)} \right]{{{K_i}} \over {GV{A_i}}}$195.925*0.094191.5370.105212.377*0.068
[ ln(Hi)−ln(HPL) ]wiw¯$\left[ {\ln \left( {{H_i}} \right) - \ln \left( {{H_{PL}}} \right)} \right]{{{w_i}} \over {\bar w}}$1.482**0.0151.519**0.0151.533**0.016
ln(GVAiLi)−ln(GVAPLLPL)$\ln \left( {{{GV{A_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{GV{A_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)$–0.0580.680–0.0450.760–0.0570.700
β0–0.6000.021–0.5950.006–0.5150.026
Lagram–Multiplier0.0010.0010.001
Modified Wald0.0000.0000.000
Jarque–Bera P-value0.0160.0210.126
Shapiro–Wilk P-value0.0000.0000.017
Levin–Lin–Chu P-value0.0000.0000.000
Harris–Tzavalis P-value0.0000.0000.000
R2 within0.2630.2590.235
R2 between0.2350.2390.277
R2 overall0.1930.1960.228
Prob. > F0.0000.0010.001

Values of VIFs

Variableln(TPESi) – ln(TPESPL)ln(GVAiLi)−ln(GVAPLLPL)$\ln \left( {{{GV{A_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{GV{A_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)$[ ln(KiLi)−ln(KPLLPL) ]KiGVAi$\left[ {\ln \left( {{{{K_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{{K_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)} \right]{{{K_i}} \over {GV{A_i}}}$ln(RESi) – ln(RESPL)ln(GHGi) – ln(GHGPL)ln(EIi) – ln(EiPL)[ ln(Hi)−ln(HPL) ]wiw¯$\left[ {\ln \left( {{H_i}} \right) - \ln \left( {{H_{PL}}} \right)} \right]{{{w_i}} \over {\bar w}}$ln(EIDi) – ln(EIDPL)Mean VIF
VIF10.4805.5403.9303.3702.9802.7602.5902.4904.270

Variables description

GroupDescription (source)Formula
Dependent variableRelative RCA*ln(RCAi∗)−ln(RCAPL∗)$\ln \left( {RCA_i^ * } \right) - \ln \left( {RCA_{PL}^ * } \right)$
Heckscher–Ohlin theoryRelative physical capital per worker endowment[ ln(KiLi)−ln(KPLLPL) ]KiGVAi$\left[ {\ln \left( {{{{K_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{{K_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)} \right]{{{K_i}} \over {GV{A_i}}}$
 Relative human capital endowment[ ln(Hi)−ln(HPL) ]wiw¯$\left[ {\ln \left( {{H_i}} \right) - \ln \left( {{H_{PL}}} \right)} \right]{{{w_i}} \over {\bar w}}$
Ricardian theoryRelative labor productivityln(GVAiLi)−ln(GVAPLLPL)$\ln \left( {{{GV{A_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{GV{A_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)$
Energy variablesTotal primary energy supply [OECD, 2020]ln (TPESi) – ln (TPESPL)
 Energy import dependency [Eurostat, 2020b]ln (EIDi)–ln(EIDPL)
 Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption [Eurostat, 2020c]ln (RESi)–ln(RESPL)
 Energy intensity [Eurostat, 2020d]ln(EIi)–ln(EiPL)
 Greenhouse gas emissions [Eurostat, 2020e]ln (GHGi)–ln (GHGPL)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0015 | Journal eISSN: 2543-5361 | Journal ISSN: 2299-9701
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Language: English
Page range: 209 - 224
Submitted on: Jul 15, 2022
Accepted on: Jun 6, 2023
Published on: Sep 30, 2023
Published by: Warsaw School of Economics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
energy security,
factor endowment theory,
Heckscher–Ohlin trade model,
international competitiveness,
Ricardian trade model
Related subjects:
Business and economics,
Political economics,
Economic theory, systems and structures,
Business management,
Management accounting, financial controlling, cost calculation, investment

© 2023 Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska, Tomasz M. Napiórkowski, published by Warsaw School of Economics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 59 (2023): Issue 3 (September 2023)
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