Benefits of coopetition identified in systematic literature reviews
| Authors | Benefits of coopetition | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gernsheimer et al. [2021] | Innovation performance | Firm performance | Organizational learning | Sustainability strategies | ||
| Dorn et al. [2016] | Innovation | Financial outcomes | Value creation | |||
| Bouncken et al. [2015] | Cost and risk sharing | Economies of scale | Synergy effect | Access to resources and knowledge | Innovation capacity | Competitive advantage |
| Bengtsson and Raza-Ullah [2016] | Innovation | Knowledge related | Firm performance | Relational | ||
| Czakon et al. [2014] | Synergistic use of resources | Competitive advantage | Innovation performance | Market performance | Financial performance | |
Benefits of intra-organizational coopetition differentiated by geographic area of activity, major shareholder, size of business group, and type of activity
| Benefits of intra-organizational coopetition | Type of dominant investor | Size of a business group by payroll | Type of activity | Geographic area of activity | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic | Mixed | Foreign | 50 or fewer | 52–250 | More than 250 | Production | Trade | Services | Mixed | Domestic | Foreign | ||
| Reduction in general costs of operation | Did not check | 16.5% | 33.3% | 14.3% | 10.0% | 10.5% | 14.9% | 11.1% | 17.6% | 20.5% | 27.3% | 12.9% | 17.3% |
| Checked | 83.5% | 66.7% | 85.7% | 90.0% | 89.5% | 85.1% | 88.9% | 82.4% | 79.5% | 72.7% | 87.1% | 82.7% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 0.691 df = 2 p = 0.708 Phi = 0.076 | χ2 = 4.638 df = 3 p = 0.200 Phi = 0.196 | χ2 = 2.533 df = 3 p = 0,469 Phi = 0.145 | χ2 = 0.319 df = 1 p = 0,572 Phi = -0.053 | |||||||||
| Reduction in R&D costs | Did not check | 49.5% | 33.3% | 28.6% | 60.0% | 63.2% | 41.9% | 50.0% | 47.1% | 33.3% | 63.6% | 51.6% | 42.0% |
| Checked | 50.5% | 66.7% | 71.4% | 40.0% | 36.8% | 58.1% | 50.0% | 52.9% | 66.7% | 36.4% | 48.4% | 58.0% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 3.227 df = 2 p = 0.199 Phi = 0.163 | χ2 = 4.701 df = 3 p = 0.195 Phi = 0.197 | χ2 = 4.245 df = 3 p = 0.236 Phi = 0.187 | χ2 = 0.843 df = 1 p = 0.359 Phi = 0.087 | |||||||||
| Reduction in transaction costs | Did not check | 41.2% | 33.3% | 38.1% | 50.0% | 47.4% | 35.1% | 35.2% | 29.4% | 48.7% | 54.5% | 48.4% | 35.8% |
| Checked | 58.8% | 66.7% | 61.9% | 50.0% | 52.6% | 64.9% | 64.8% | 70.6% | 51.3% | 45.5% | 51.6% | 64.2% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 0.136 df =2 p = 0.934 Phi = 0.034 | χ2 = 2.305 df = 3 p = 0.512 Phi = 0.138 | χ2 = 3.494 df = 3 p = 0.322 Phi = 0.170 | χ2 = 1.489 df = 1 p = 0.222 Phi = 0.115 | |||||||||
| Resource and competence development | Did not check | 15.5% | 14.3% | 20.0% | 15.8% | 13.5% | 9.3% | 35.3% | 12.8% | 18.2% | 22.6% | 12.3% | |
| Checked | 84.5% | 100.0% | 85.7% | 80.0% | 84.2% | 86.5% | 90.7% | 64.7% | 87.2% | 81.8% | 77.4% | 87.7% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 0.557 df =2 p = 0.757 Phi = 0.068 | χ2 = 0.374 df = 3 p = 0.946 Phi = 0.056 | χ2 = 7.167 df = 3 p = 0.067 Phi = 0.243 | χ2 = 1.824 df = 1 p = 0.177 Phi = 0.128 | |||||||||
| Increased number of new products or services in portfolio | Did not check | 25.8% | 33.3% | 33.3% | 40.0% | 42.1% | 21.6% | 13.0% | 23.5% | 43.6% | 45.5% | 25.8% | 24.7% |
| Checked | 74.2% | 66.7% | 66.7% | 60.0% | 57.9% | 78.4% | 87.0% | 76.5% | 56.4% | 54.5% | 74.2% | 75.3% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 0.554 df =2 p = 0.758 Phi = 0.068 | χ2 = 4.118 df = 3 p = 0.249 Phi = 0.184 | χ2 = 12.763 df = 3 p = 0.005 Phi = 0.325 | χ2 = 0.015 df = 1 p = 0.903 Phi = 0.012 | |||||||||
| Introduction of new organizational solutions | Did not check | 30.9% | 33.3% | 19.0% | 60.0% | 21.1% | 28.4% | 24.1% | 35.3% | 38.5% | 9.1% | 38.7% | 28.4% |
| Checked | 69.1% | 66.7% | 81.0% | 40.0% | 78.9% | 71.6% | 75.9% | 64.7% | 61.5% | 90.9% | 61.3% | 71.6% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 1.214 df = 2 p = 0.545 Phi = 0.100 | χ2 = 5.674 df = 3 p = 0.129 Phi = 0.217 | χ2 = 4.784 df = 3 p = 0.188 Phi = 0.199 | χ2 = 1.110 df = 1 p = 0.292 Phi = 0.100 | |||||||||
| Increased scale of foreign expansion/easier entry onto foreign markets | Did not check | 41.2% | 33.3% | 19.0% | 50.0% | 47.4% | 33.8% | 38.9% | 35.3% | 33.3% | 45.5% | 32.3% | 38.3% |
| Checked | 58.8% | 66.7% | 81.0% | 50.0% | 52.6% | 66.2% | 61.1% | 64.7% | 66.7% | 54.5% | 67.7% | 61.7% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 3.658 df = 2 p = 0.161 Phi = 0.174 | χ2 = 2.027 df = 3 p = 0.567 Phi = 0.129 | χ2 = 0.663 df = 3 p = 0.882 Phi = 0.074 | χ2 = 0.349 df = 1 p = 0.554 Phi = -0.056 | |||||||||
| Fuller use of market opportunities | Did not check | 43.3% | 66.7% | 42.9% | 40.0% | 36.8% | 45.9% | 33.3% | 41.2% | 56.4% | 54.5% | 45.2% | 44.4% |
| Checked | 56.7% | 33.3% | 57.1% | 60.0% | 63.2% | 54.1% | 66.7% | 58.8% | 43.6% | 45.5% | 54.8% | 55.6% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 0.665 df = 2 p = 0.721 Phi = 0.074 | χ2 = 0.574 df = 3 p = 0.902 Phi = 0.069 | χ2 = 5.486 df = 3 p = 0.139 Phi = 0.213 | χ2 = 0.005 df = 1 p = 0.946 Phi = 0.006 | |||||||||
| Improved competitive advantage | Did not check | 17.5% | 4.8% | 10.0% | 26.3% | 14.9% | 13.0% | 17.6% | 12.8% | 27.3% | 25.8% | 11.1% | |
| Checked | 82.5% | 100.0% | 95.2% | 90.0% | 73.7% | 85.1% | 87.0% | 82.4% | 87.2% | 72.7% | 74.2% | 88.9% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 2.759 df = 2 p = 0.252 Phi = 0.151 | χ2 = 3.386 df = 3 p = 0.336 Phi = 0.167 | χ2 = 1.724 df = 3 p = 0.632 Phi = 0.119 | χ2 = 3.761 df = 1 p = 0.052 Phi = 0.183 | |||||||||
| Improved market position | Did not check | 17.5% | 33.3% | 4.8% | 40.0% | 15.8% | 12.2% | 11.1% | 17.6% | 23.1% | 9.1% | 22.6% | 13.6% |
| Checked | 82.5% | 66.7% | 95.2% | 60.0% | 84.2% | 87.8% | 88.9% | 82.4% | 76.9% | 90.9% | 77.4% | 86.4% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 2.847 df = 2 p = 0.241 Phi = 0.153 | χ2 = 5.174 df = 3 p = 0.160 Phi = 0.207 | χ2 = 2.874 df = 3 p = 0.411 Phi = 0.154 | χ2 = 1.346 df = 1 p = 0.246 Phi = 0.110 | |||||||||
| Improved profitability | Did not check | 35.1% | 14.3% | 20.0% | 36.8% | 29.7% | 20.4% | 35.3% | 38.5% | 45.5% | 45.2% | 24.7% | |
| Checked | 64.9% | 100.0% | 85.7% | 80.0% | 63.2% | 70.3% | 79.6% | 64.7% | 61.5% | 54.5% | 54.8% | 75.3% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 4.862 df = 2 p = 0.088 Phi = 0.200 | χ2 = 0.968 df = 3 p = 0.809 Phi = 0.089 | χ2 = 5.117 df = 3 p = 0.163 Phi = 0.206 | χ2 = 4.443 df = 1 p = 0.035 Phi = 0.199 | |||||||||
| Increased value | Did not check | 25.8% | 66.7% | 9.5% | 30.0% | 31.6% | 23.0% | 14.8% | 23.5% | 35.9% | 27.3% | 29.0% | 19.8% |
| Checked | 74.2% | 33.3% | 90.5% | 70.0% | 68.4% | 77.0% | 85.2% | 76.5% | 64.1% | 72.7% | 71.0% | 80.2% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2= 5.579 df = 2 p = 0.061 Phi = 0.215 | χ2 = 1.370 df = 3 p = 0.712 Phi = 0.106 | χ2 = 5.596 df = 3 p = 0.133 Phi = 0.215 | χ2 = 1.113 df = 1 p = 0.291 Phi = 0.100 | |||||||||
| Improved position relative to suppliers | Did not check | 28.9% | 66.7% | 19.0% | 50.0% | 36.8% | 24.3% | 27.8% | 17.6% | 35.9% | 18.2% | 35.5% | 28.4% |
| Checked | 71.1% | 33.3% | 81.0% | 50.0% | 63.2% | 75.7% | 72.2% | 82.4% | 64.1% | 81.8% | 64.5% | 71.6% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 3.089 df = 2 p = 0.213 Phi = 0.160 | χ2 = 3.923 df = 3 p = 0.270 Phi = 0.180 | χ2 = 2.631 df = 3 p = 0.452 Phi = 0.147 | χ2 = 0.533 df = 1 p = 0.465 Phi = 0.069 | |||||||||
| Improved position relative to buyers | Did not check | 44.3% | 38.1% | 70.0% | 47.4% | 40.5% | 35.2% | 29.4% | 59.0% | 36.4% | 64.5% | 35.8% | |
| Checked | 55.7% | 100.0% | 61.9% | 30.0% | 52.6% | 59.5% | 64.8% | 70.6% | 41.0% | 63.6% | 35.5% | 64.2% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 2 = 2.516 df =2 p = 0.284 Phi = 0.144 | χ2 = 4.997 df = 3 p = 0.172 Phi = 0.203 | χ2 = 6.884 df =3 p = 0.076 Phi = 0.239 | χ2 = 7.511 df = 1 p = 0.006 Phi = 0.259 | |||||||||
| Splitting of operational risk | Did not check | 29.9% | 28.6% | 50.0% | 26.3% | 25.7% | 22.2% | 35.3% | 33.3% | 36.4% | 41.9% | 24.7% | |
| Checked | 70.1% | 100.0% | 71.4% | 50.0% | 73.7% | 74.3% | 77.8% | 64.7% | 66.7% | 63.6% | 58.1% | 75.3% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 = 1.267 df = 2 p = 0.531 Phi = 0.102 | χ2 = 2.774 df = 3 p = 0.428 Phi = 0.151 | χ2 = 2.180 df =3 p = 0.536 Phi = 0.134 | χ2 = 3.208 df = 1 p = 0.073 Phi = 0.169 | |||||||||
| Better knowledge creation and sharing | Did not check | 41.2% | 33.3% | 42.9% | 30.0% | 47.4% | 43.2% | 33.3% | 47.1% | 41.0% | 72.7% | 35.5% | 44.4% |
| Checked | 58.8% | 66.7% | 57.1% | 70.0% | 52.6% | 56.8% | 66.7% | 52.9% | 59.0% | 27.3% | 64.5% | 55.6% | |
| Total | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
| Statistics | χ2 2 = 0.100 df = 2 p = 0.951 Phi = 0.029 | χ2 = 1.402 df = 3 p = 0.705 Phi = 0.108 | χ2 = 6.128 df =3 p = 0.106 Phi = 0.225 | χ2 = 0.739 df = 1 p = 0.390 Phi = -0.081 | |||||||||
Benefits of intra-organizational coopetition indicated by surveyed managers [%]
| Benefits of intra-organizational coopetition | Checked | Did not check |
|---|---|---|
| Resource and competence development | 85.1 | 14.9 |
| Improved competitive advantage | 85.1 | 14.9 |
| Improved market position | 84.3 | 15.7 |
| Reduction in general costs of operation | 83.5 | 16.5 |
| Increased value | 76.0 | 24 |
| Increased number of new products or services in portfolio | 72.7 | 27.3 |
| Improved position relative to suppliers | 71.9 | 28.1 |
| Introduction of new organizational solutions | 71.1 | 28.9 |
| Splitting of operational risk | 71.1 | 28.9 |
| Improved profitability | 69.4 | 30.6 |
| Increased scale of foreign expansion/easier entry onto foreign markets | 62.8 | 37.2 |
| Reducion in transaction costs | 59.5 | 40.5 |
| Better knowledge creation and sharing | 58.7 | 41.3 |
| Improved position relative to buyers | 57.9 | 42.1 |
| Fuller use of market opportunities | 56.2 | 43.8 |
| Reduction in R&D costs | 54.5 | 45.5 |