Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Merchandise trade of the unrecognized entities in West Asia. The gravity model of trade, including Abkhazia and South Ossetia Cover

Merchandise trade of the unrecognized entities in West Asia. The gravity model of trade, including Abkhazia and South Ossetia

By: Magdalena Suska  
Open Access
|Mar 2023

References

  1. ApsnyPress. (2012), Osnovnymi torgovymi partnerami Abkhazii prodolzhayut ostavat’sya Rossiya i Turtsiya, retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183029/http:/apsnypress.info/news/6859.html [18th May 2021].
  2. Baar, V., Baarová, B. (2017), De facto states and their socio-economic structures in the post-Soviet space after the annexation of Crimea, Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej 2017, Vol. 6, pp. 267–303.
  3. Baev, P.K. (1998), Russia’s policies in secessionist conflicts in Europe in 19990s. The Norwegian Atlantic Committee, Security Policy Library no. 11.
  4. Blakkisrud, H., Kemoklidze, N., Gelashvili, T., Kolstø, P. (2021), Navigating de facto statehood: trade, trust, and agency in Abkhazia’s external economic relations, Eurasian Georraphy and Economics, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 347–371.
  5. Bridge, R. (2004), Powell visit: a thaw in U.S.-Russian relations, The Moscow News, (July 9).
  6. Caspersen, N. (2009), Playing the recognition game: external actors and de facto states, International Spectator, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 21–34.
  7. Caspersen, N., Stansfield, G. (Eds). (2011), Unrecognized states in the international system, Routledge, Abingdon
  8. Abingdon Cismas, J. (2010), Secession in theory and practice: the case of Kosovo and beyond, Goettingen Journal of International Law, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 532–587.
  9. Crawford, J. (2007), The creation of states in international law, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  10. Customsra.com. (2017), Itogi godovoy deyatel’nosti Gosudartvennogo Tamozhennogo Komiteta Respubliki Abkhaziya za 2017 god, retrieved from customsra.com/assets/pdf_otchet/789eb6_a656805b33d24fa182849e84f2c0c4e8.pdf [18th May 2022].
  11. Czachor, R. (2014), Abchazja, Osetia Południowa, Górski Karabach: Geneza i funkcjonowanie systemów politycznych, Biblioteka Instytutu Polsko-Rosyjskiego, no. 3.
  12. Czapliński, W., Kleczkowska, A. (Eds). (2019), Unrecognised subjects in international law, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa.
  13. Eastwood, L.S., Jr. (1993), Secession: state practice and international law after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 200–349.
  14. GRASS. (2019), One step closer – Georgia, EU integration, and the settlement of the frozen conflicts, Georgia’s Reforms Associates, Tbilisi.
  15. Head, K., Mayer, T. (2013), Gravity equations: Workhorse, toolkit and cookbook, CEPII Working Paper, no. 2013 – 27 September.
  16. Hsieh, P.L. (2007), An unrecognized state in foreign and international courts: the case of the Republics of China on Taiwan, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 765–814.
  17. ICG. (2010), South Ossetia: the burden of recognition, International Crisis Group Europe Report N°205, 7 June 2010.
  18. ICG. (2018), Abkhazia and South Ossetia: time to talk trade, ICG Europe Report 249, retrieved from https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/249-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia-time-to-talk-trade(1).pdf [18th May 2022].
  19. Jackson, R. (1990), Quasi-states: sovereignty, international relations and the third world, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  20. Jakubowski, A. (2018), Problemy rozwoju gospodarczego państw nieuznawanych na przykładzie Abchazji, Politeja, Vol. 4, No. 55, pp. 153–173.
  21. King, C. (2001), The benefits of ethnic war: understanding Eurasia’s unrecognized states, World Politics, Vol. 53, pp. 524–552.
  22. Kolossov, V., O’Loughlin, J. (1999), Pseudo-states as harbingers of a new geopolitics: the example of the Transdniestr Moldovan Republic (TMR), in: D. Newman, (Ed), Boundaries, territory and postmodernity, Frank Cass, London, pp. 51–176.
  23. Kolstø, P. (2006), The sustainability and future of unrecognized quasi-states, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 723–740.
  24. Kolstø, P., Blakkisrud, H. (2008), Living with non-recognition: state- and nation-building in South Caucasian quasi-states, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 483–509.
  25. Lapidus, G. (2002), Ethnicity and state-building: accommodating ethic difference in post-Soviet Eurasia, in: M. Beissinger, C. Crawford, (Eds), Beyond state crisis? postcolonial Africa and post-Soviet Eurasia in comparative perspective, Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington DC, pp. 323–358.
  26. Lynch, D. (2002), Separatist states and post-Soviet conflicts, International Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 831–848.
  27. Lynch, D. (2004). Engaging Eurasia’s separatist states: unresolved conflicts and de facto states, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington DC.
  28. O’Loughlin, J., Kolossov, V., Tchepalyga, A. (1998), National construction, territorial separatism and post-Soviet geopolitics: the example of the Transdniester Moldovan Republic, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, Vol. 38, pp. 332–358.
  29. Pegg, S. (1998), International society and de facto state, Ashgate, Aldershot.
  30. Perera, S. (2018), Recognition of Kosovo with regard to international law, International Journal of Advanced Research, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 1212–1220.
  31. Polyakov, E. (2001), Changing trade patterns after conflict resolution in South Caucasus, Policy Research Working Paper 2593, April 2001.
  32. Ru-Stat. (2022), Export and import of Russia by goods and countries, retrieved from https://ru-stat.com [18th May 2021].
  33. Saha, D., Giucci, R., Lücke, M., Kirchner, R., Movchan, V., Zachmann, G. (2018), The economic effect of a resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict on Armenia and Azerbaijan, Berlin Economics, 15.06.2018.
  34. Stanislawski, B. (2008), The forum: para-states, quasi-states and black spots: not states, but not ‘ungoverned territories’ either, International Studies Review, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 366–396.
  35. Sterio, M. (2013), The right to self-determination under international law: ‘Selfistans’, secession, and the rule of great powers, Routledge, Abingdon.
  36. Suska, M. (2020), Unrecognized states: imitating a democratic state, in: R. Czarny, L. Baratyński, P. Ramiączek, K. Spryszak, (Eds), Państwo i prawo wobec wyzwań u progu trzeciej dekady XXI wieku, Adam Marszałek, Toruń, pp. 38–47.
  37. Suska, M. (2021), Hander towarami jednostek nieuznawanych – przypadek Abchazji i Osetii Południowej, Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH, Warszawa.
  38. Tokmazishvili, M. (2013), Gruzinskii “Ekonomicheskii romantizm” v reshenii konfliktov i perspektivy razvitiya sobytii posle sochinskoi Olimpiady, International Alert 2013.
  39. Ugosstat.ru. (2018), Upravleniye Gosudarstvennoy Statistiki RYUO, retrieved from http://ugosstat.ru/statisticheskij-sbornikza-2018-g/ [18th May 2022].
  40. Ugosstat.ru. (2020), Upravleniye Gosudarstvennoy Statistiki RYUO, retrieved from https://ugosstat.ru/statisticheskij-sbornikza-2020-g/ [18th May 2022].
  41. Ugsra.org. (2020), Upravleniye gosudarstvennoy statistiki Respubliki Abkhazi, retrieved from http://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=232 [18th May 2022].
  42. Vidmar, J. (2013), Territorial integrity and the law of statehood, George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 44, pp. 101–149.
  43. Walker, E. (1998), No peace, no war in the Caucasus: secessionist conflicts in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and Nagorno-Karabakh, Occasional Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University.
  44. World Bank (2022), GDP (current US$), retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?view=chart [18th May 2022]
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2022-0029 | Journal eISSN: 2543-5361 | Journal ISSN: 2299-9701
Language: English
Page range: 57 - 69
Submitted on: May 18, 2022
Accepted on: Dec 14, 2022
Published on: Mar 31, 2023
Published by: Warsaw School of Economics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2023 Magdalena Suska, published by Warsaw School of Economics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.