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Does an increase in education quality cause developing countries to catch up? Cover

Does an increase in education quality cause developing countries to catch up?

Open Access
|Dec 2022

Figures & Tables

Panel VECM dynamic fixed-effects estimates

1234
Long-run
OPEN0.0043***0.0044***0.0041***0.0042***
(0.0014)(0.0014)(0.0014)(0.0014)
FDI (% GDP)−0.0029−0.0029−0.0027−0.0028
(0.0027)(0.0028)(0.0026)(0.0027)
L10PISAAVE0.0221***
(0.0085)
L10PISAREAD 0.0164**
(0.0071)
L10PISAMAT 0.0236***
(0.0084)
L10PISASCIE 0.0258***
(0.0094)

Short-run
Error Correction−0.0316***−0.0312***−0.0327***−0.0321***
(0.0049)(0.0050)(0.0049)(0.0049)
ΔOPEN0.0002**0.0002**0.0002**0.0002**
(0.0001)(0.0001)(0.0001)(0.0001)
ΔFDI (% GDP)0.0001*0.0001*0.0001*0.0001*
(0.0001)(0.0001)(0.0001)(0.0001)
ΔL10PISAAVE(−1)−0.0007
(0.0007)
ΔL10PISAREAD(−1) −0.0008
(0.0005)
ΔL10PISAMAT(−1) −0.0001
(0.0009)
ΔL10PISASCIE(−1) −0.0008
(0.0007)
Constant0.00180.0780−0.0184−0.0517
(0.1130)(0.0992)(0.1136)(0.1247)

CIPS unit root test results

VariableLevelsFirst differences


Zt-barp-valueZt-barp-value
logGDP44.5231.00−1.8540.03
OPEN0.010.50−5.525<0.01
FDI0.720.76−16.309<0.01
PISAAVE1.3180.91−17.421<0.01
PISAREAD1.1590.88−17.024<0.01
PISAMAT3.3381.00−18.784<0.01
PISASCIE−1.9070.03−16.632<0.01

Pesaran CD test results

PISAAVEPISAREADPISAMATPISASCIE
Breusch-Pagan LM47,950.2647,579.7246,412.7448,879.8
<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
Pesaran scaled LM563.4106558.7497544.0704575.1033
<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
Pesaran CD202.8806202.8742197.609205.7417
<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001

Panel VECM Granger causality

Null Hypothesis:Common coefficientsIndividual coefficients


F-statisticp-valueW-Stat.Zbar-Stat.p-value
PISAAVE does not cause Log(GDP)127.3470.0009.53415.9820.000
LOG(GDP) does not cause PISAAVE17.455<0.0014.6923.1110.002
PISAREAD does not cause Log(GDP)22.8250.0001.482−2.9380.003
LOG(GDP) does not cause PISAREAD1.7400.1571.704−2.1090.035
PISAMAT does not cause Log(GDP)83.0560.0009.42215.6830.000
LOG(GDP) does not cause PISAMAT11.649<0.0015.6995.788<0.001
PISASCIE does not cause Log(GDP)214.8260.00011.41920.9930.000
LOG(GDP) does not cause PISASCIE23.700<0.0017.1679.690<0.001

Westerlund cointegration test results

StatisticValueZ-valuep-valueRobust p-value
PISAAVE
Gt−2.6552.798<0.01***0.01**
Ga−9.1731.5920.94<0.01***
Pt−15.0392.881<0.01***0.01**
Pa−8.5671.0540.15<0.01***
PISAREAD
Gt−2.738−3.347<0.01***<0.01***
Ga−8.5822.1170.980.01**
Pt−14.547−2.4150.01**<0.01***
Pa−8.166−0.6730.25<0.01***
PISAMAT
Gt−2.569−2.2250.01**0.04**
Ga−8.5842.1150.98<0.01***
Pt−14.21−2.0970.02**0.01**
Pa−8.025−0.5380.30<0.01***
PISASCIE
Gt−2.528−1.9510.03**0.04**
Ga−9.3971.3930.91<0.01***
Pt−14.082−1.9750.02**0.01**
Pa−8.61−1.0950.14<0.01***

Descriptive statistics

VariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMax
logGDP4,9428.9429291.2335355.50805411.82894
OPEN7,53880.1121451.460480.0209992531.7374
FDI5,5351.8675212.44171−202.8239247.9023
PISAAVE4,154420.17350.2345312.482550.1743
PISASCIE4,154424.973448.47972323.4689550.6454
PISAMAT4,154419.506851.97938319.7289566.1837
PISAREAD4,154416.038951.054294.2483543.4544
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2022-0028 | Journal eISSN: 2543-5361 | Journal ISSN: 2299-9701
Language: English
Page range: 393 - 408
Submitted on: Oct 6, 2022
Accepted on: Nov 21, 2022
Published on: Dec 31, 2022
Published by: Warsaw School of Economics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2022 Łukasz Goczek, Bartosz Witkowski, Ewa Witkowska, published by Warsaw School of Economics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.