Figure 1
Figure 2
Initial sample description
| Country | Sample | Sample split |
|---|---|---|
| BG | 14,255 | 14.4 |
| CY | 1,346 | 1.4 |
| CZ | 5,198 | 5.3 |
| DE | 6,282 | 6.4 |
| EE | 1,760 | 1.8 |
| EL | 2,507 | 2.5 |
| ES | 30,333 | 30.7 |
| HR | 3,265 | 3.3 |
| HU | 6,817 | 6.9 |
| LT | 2,421 | 2.5 |
| LV | 1,501 | 1.5 |
| NO | 5,045 | 5.1 |
| PT | 7,083 | 7.2 |
| RO | 8,206 | 8.3 |
| SK | 2,790 | 2.8 |
| Total | 98,809 | 100.0 |
Results of path analysis for the whole sample of enterprises from 14 EU member states, total effect, direct effect, and indirect effect
| Variables | Total effects | Direct effects | Indirect effects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PublSuppEU | KnowAcq | InnoCoopTr | PublSuppEU | KnowAcq | InnoCoopTr | PublSuppEU | KnowAcq | InnoCoopTr | |
| KnowAcq | 0.417 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.417 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| InnoCoopTr | 0.256 | 0.357 | 0.000 | 0.107 | 0.357 | 0.000 | 0.149 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Variable operationalization
| Variable | Description and construction of variables | Abbr. from CIS 2014 |
|---|---|---|
| PubSuppEU | Variable—“Financial support from European Union” | |
| “1” if the firm received public financial support for innovation activity from EU; 0” otherwise. | FUNEU | |
| InnoPerf | Variable—“Innovation performance of supported enterprise” | |
| Log of fraction (from 0 to 100) of turnover from innovative products introduced in 2012–2014 in total turnover in 2014 | TURNMA + TURNIN | |
| KnowAcq | Variable—“Knowledge acquisition as the proxy for R&D budget” | |
| “1” if the firm declared acquisition of machinery, equipment, software and buildings to be used for new or significantly improved products, processes or acquisition of existing knowledge from other enterprises or organizations (existing know-how, copyrighted works, patented and non-patented inventions, etc. from other enterprises or organizations for the development of new or significantly improved products and processes; “0” otherwise | RMAC | |
| InnoCoopTr | Variable—“Innovation cooperation and personnel training” | |
| “1” if the firm declared cooperation with local suppliers; customers; competitors; consultants; universities, research institutes, or cooperation with EU suppliers; customers; competitors; consultants; universities, research institutes, or cooperation with non-EU (China, India, the United States, other countries) suppliers; customers; competitors; consultants; universities, research institutes, or conducted internal or external training for its personnel for the development and/or introduction of new products and processes; “0” otherwise | Co11-Co75. | |
Results of path analysis for the whole sample of enterprises from 14 EU member states
| Variable | Impact direction | Variable | H | Estimate | S.E. | P | Standardized |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KnowAcq | <--- | PublSuppEU | H1 | 0.417 | 0.015 | *** | 0.203 |
| InnoPerf | <--- | PublSuppEU | H2 | 0.066 | 0.012 | *** | 0.046 |
| InnoCoopTr | <--- | PublSuppEU | H3 | 0.107 | 0.011 | *** | 0.063 |
| InnoPerf | <--- | KnowAcq | 0.030 | 0.022 | 0.175 | 0.010 | |
| InnoPerf | <--- | InnoCoopTr | 0.065 | 0.014 | *** | 0.037 | |
| KnowAcq | <--- | InnoCoopTr | 0.357 | 0.005 | *** | 0.430 |
Taxonomy of EU innovation activity support within surveyed countries results from path models for each country sample and verification of hypotheses
| Additionality type | H | BG | CY | CZ | EE | EL | ES | HR | HU | LT | LV | NO | PO | RO | SK |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Input additionality standardized | H1 | 0.188 | 0.199 | 0.125 | 0.076 | 0.082 | 0.061 | 0.107 | 0.173 | 0.146 | 0.053 | 0.004 | 0.122 | 0.075 | 0.058 |
| Input additionality P value | H1 | *** | *** | *** | 0.244 | ** | *** | ** | *** | *** | 0.538 | 0.866 | *** | 0.501 | 0.252 |
| Input additionality (external R&D) | H1 | + | + | + | No | + | + | + | + | + | No | No | + | No | No |
| Output additionality standardized | H2 | 0.019 | 0.045 | 0.013 | 0.029 | −0.024 | 0.041 | −0.022 | −0.015 | 0.052 | 0.173 | 0.033 | 0.012 | 0.056 | 0.001 |
| Output additionality P value | H2 | .457 | 0.433 | 0.595 | 0.695 | 0.522 | ** | 0.590 | 0.566 | 0.082 | 0.388 | 0.159 | 0.590 | 0.614 | 0.987 |
| Output additionality | H2 | No | No | No | No | No | + | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Behavioral additionality standardized | H3 | 0.184 | 0.116 | 0.209 | 0.023 | 0.207 | 0.286 | 0.125 | 0.146 | 0.180 | 0.173 | 0.233 | 0.290 | 0.198 | 0.195 |
| Behavioral additionality P value | H3 | *** | 0.038 | *** | 0.755 | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | 0.058 | *** | *** | 0.066 | *** |
| Behavioral additionality | H3 | + | + | + | No | + | + | + | + | + | No | + | + | No | + |
| Policy type | B.ID | BI.D | BI.D | NO.AE | BI.D | MULT | BI.D | BI.D | BI.D | NO.AE | MONO.D | BID | NO.AE | MONO.D |