Figure 1
Survey results—comparison of firms cooperating and not cooperating with research institutes. TAM—technical advancement versus other companies operating in the market (answers: 1—Highly advanced, 2—Moderately advanced, 3—Not advanced); TRL—technology readiness level (TRL 1—Basic principles observed, TRL 2—Technology concept formulated, TRL 3—Experimental proof of concept, TRL 4—Technology validated in lab, TRL 5—Technology validated in relevant environment (industrially relevant environment in the case of key enabling technologies), TRL 6—Technology demonstrated in relevant environment (industrially relevant environment in the case of key enabling technologies), TRL 7—System prototype demonstration in operational environment, TRL 8—System complete and qualified, TRL 9—Actual system proven in operational environment (competitive manufacturing in the case of key enabling technologies; or in space)); ATD (answers: 1—received awards, 0—no awards); DMP—domestic market position (answers from 1—a national leader to 5—very weak market position; 6—don’t know; 7—answer refused); INB—innovations (1—innovations implemented, 2—no innovations); PTD—number of patents, trademarks.
Source: own research.
Table 1
The results of Mann–Whitney and t-test
| Description | Test | Statistic | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Technical advancement versus other companies operating in the market | Mann–Whitney | 13309 | 0.38357 |
| TRL | Mann–Whitney | 13469.5 | 0.17806 |
| Achievements in technology development | Mann–Whitney | 26290.5 | 0.01411 |
| Domestic market position | Mann–Whitney | 19605 | 0.00235 |
| Implementation of innovations | Mann–Whitney | 17739 | 0.000002 |
| Patents, trademarks, designs | t-test | 0.896 | 0.37074 |
[i] TRL, technology readiness level.
[ii] Source: own research.
Figure 2
Innovations—comparison of firms cooperating and not cooperating with research institutions. 1—innovations implemented; 2—no innovation implemented.
Source: Own research.
Figure 3
Usage of public support and cooperation with research institutes on R&D projects.
Source: Own research.