Figure 1
Conceptual model.
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 1
Respondents’ structure
| No. of indications (N = 810) | Percentage | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 404 | 49.9 |
| Male | 406 | 50.1 | |
| Age (years) | 18–34 | 301 | 37.2 |
| 35–54 | 354 | 43.7 | |
| 55–65 | 155 | 19.1 | |
| Residence (inhabitants in thousands) | Village | 147 | 18.1 |
| Up to 100 | 298 | 36.8 | |
| 101–500 | 214 | 26.4 | |
| Over 500 | 151 | 18.6 | |
| Education | Primary or basic | 249 | 30.7 |
| Secondary | 317 | 39.1 | |
| Incomplete higher/in progress/higher | 244 | 30.1 | |
| Disposable income per household member in PLN/month | 1,999 or less | 276 | 34.1 |
| 2,000—3,999 | 353 | 43.6 | |
| 4,000 and more | 181 | 22.3 |
[i] Source: Own elaboration.
Table 2
Respondents’ structure by the frequency of purchases on foreign MSPs
| Before COVID-19 pandemic | During COVID-19 pandemic | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indications (No.) | Percentage | Indications (No.) | Percentage | |
| YES, at least once a week | 213 | 26.3 | 256 | 31.6 |
| YES, less than once a week but at least once a month | 434 | 53.6 | 414 | 51.1 |
| YES, less than once a month but at least once every six months | 141 | 17.4 | 106 | 13.1 |
| YES, but less than once every six months | 18 | 2.2 | 16 | 2.0 |
| NO | 4 | 0.5 | 18 | 2.2 |
| Total | 810 | 100.0 | 810 | 100.0 |
[i] Source: Own elaboration.
Table 3
Likert scales used in the study to measure reflective constructs, their sources, and factor loadings reliabilities
| Likert scale statements (1 – strongly disagree; 7 – strongly agree) | Factor loadings | Source |
|---|---|---|
| CDT, Consumer disposition to trust (AVE = 0.771; item reliabilities = 0.944) | ||
| I generally trust other people. | 0.891 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| I generally have faith in humanity. | 0.872 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| I feel that people are generally reliable. | 0.889 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| I generally trust other people, unless they give me reasons not to. | 0.846 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| I feel that people are generally well meaning. | 0.892 | Own elaboration |
| PUOP, Perceived usefulness of online purchases (AVE = 0.749; total reliability = 0.937) | ||
| Online purchases make it easier to buy products. | 0.872 | Ashraf et al. (2014) |
| Compared to physical channels, online shopping takes less time. | 0.871 | Shang et al. (2005) |
| Compared to purchases in stationary stores, using online purchases enhances my shopping task effectiveness. | 0.839 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| Compared to purchases in stationary stores, using online shopping makes it easier to purchase. | 0.892 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| Compared to purchases in stationary stores, using online purchases saves me effort in performing tasks. | 0.853 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| IFOP, Perceived legal protection of online purchases (AVE = 0.726; total reliability = 0.949) | ||
| The existing laws in my country are sufficient to protect consumers’ online privacy. | 0.882 | Lwin et al. (2007) |
| There are stringent international laws to protect personal information of individuals on the Internet. | 0.843 | Lwin et al. (2007) |
| The government is doing enough to ensure that consumers are protected against online privacy violations. | 0.867 | Lwin et al. (2007) |
| The existing laws in my country are sufficient to protect online purchases. | 0.852 | Own elaboration |
| There are stringent international laws to protect cross-border online purchases. | 0.814 | Own elaboration |
| Protection of consumers against violations in the cross-border online purchases is adequate in the EU. | 0.877 | Own elaboration |
| The right to withdraw from the distance contract strongly protects consumers’ online purchases. | 0.827 | Own elaboration |
| PGI, Possibility of infection (AVE = 0.826; total reliability = 0.934) | ||
| The possibility of being infected with Coronavirus through contact with others, such as in or on the way to a stationary store. | 0.929 | Own elaboration |
| The possibility of being infected with Coronavirus through contact with a courier delivering a package from an online store. | 0.926 | Own elaboration |
| The possibility of getting infected with Coronavirus through contact with package from online store. | 0.870 | Own elaboration |
| LSAE, Changes in retailers’ activity during COVID-19 pandemic (AVE = 0.644; total reliability = 0.915) | ||
| No open stationary stores near where I live. | 0.726 | Own elaboration |
| Shortages or limited availability of goods in stationary stores during the pandemic. | 0.861 | Own elaboration |
| Long queues at stationary stores during the pandemic. | 0.821 | Own elaboration |
| Extended return time limits introduced by online stores during the pandemic. | 0.765 | Own elaboration |
| Extended delivery times for packages from online stores. | 0.807 | Own elaboration |
| Restrictions on the deliveries of goods from other countries. | 0.828 | Own elaboration |
| LI, Legal pandemic regulations related to shopping in brick-and-mortar shops (AVE = 0.754; total reliability = 0.924) | ||
| Restrictions related to purchasing at stationary stores during the pandemic, e.g., limit on people in the store, hours for seniors. | 0.901 | Own elaboration |
| Social isolation requirements. | 0.897 | Own elaboration |
| Closing of stores where I purchase certain products. | 0.818 | Own elaboration |
| Requirements to cover nose and mouth and use gloves in stationary stores. | 0.854 | Own elaboration |
| PLQ, Perception of quality of information on a foreign MSP and its layout (AVE = 0.753; total reliability = 0.948) | ||
| Visually, I highly value this platform. | 0.860 | McKnight et al. (2002) |
| On the website of this MSP I can easily find the contact details. | 0.862 | McKnight et al. (2002) |
| On this platform I can go to exactly what I want quickly. | 0.872 | Ha and Stoel (2009) |
| This platform provides reliable information. | 0.872 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| This platform provides sufficient information when I try to make a transaction. | 0.868 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| I am satisfied with the information that this platform provides. | 0.872 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| PPR, Perceived reputation of a foreign MSP (AVE = 0.778; total reliability = 0.933) | ||
| This platform is very well known. | 0.819 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| This platform has a very good reputation. | 0.924 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| This platform's vendors have a reputation for being honest. | 0.897 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| Overall, brands sold on this platform are very well perceived. | 0.886 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| PPS, Perceived payment security on a foreign MSP (AVE = 0.853; total reliability = 0.946) | ||
| This platform vendor implements security tools (e.g., identification) to protect Internet shoppers. | 0.929 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| I feel safe about the electronic payment system of this platform. | 0.895 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| I feel secure to use my credit card on this platform to make a purchase. | 0.946 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| PCS, Perceived customer service on a foreign MSP (AVE = 0.745; total reliability = 0.946) | ||
| This platform online shopping system fully responds to customer needs. | 0.857 | Ha and Stoel (2009) |
| This platform guarantees fast delivery. | 0.762 | Ha and Stoel (2009) |
| This platform's customer service personnel are always willing to help. | 0.893 | Ha and Stoel (2009) |
| Inquiries on this platform are answered promptly. | 0.886 | Ha and Stoel (2009) |
| This platform promises an easy return mode. | 0.889 | Oghazi et al. (2018) |
| I believe that the return time limits offered by this platform are very beneficial to consumers. | 0.885 | Own elaboration |
| PPB, Perception of products and brands sold on a foreign MSP (AVE = 0.704; total reliability = 0.904) | ||
| This platform offers only reliable products. | 0.896 | Ozen and Kaya (2013) |
| This platform offers only original branded products. | 0.798 | Ozen and Kaya (2013) |
| This platform offers only high-quality products. | 0.881 | Ozen and Kaya (2013) |
| This platform offers many value-for-money products. | 0.774 | Kim and Niehm, (2009) |
| PPC, Perception of prices and costs on a foreign MSP (AVE = 0.677; total reliability = 0.926) | ||
| This platform charges low delivery fee. | 0.772 | Oghazi et al. (2018) |
| This platform charges low return fee. | 0.629 | Oghazi et al. (2018) |
| This platform has attractive discounts and sales promotions. | 0.856 | Shang et al. (2005) |
| The prices on this platform are significantly lower compared to other online stores. | 0.877 | Delafrooz et al. (2009) |
| The prices on this platform are significantly lower compared to other stationery shops. | 0.870 | Own elaboration |
| This platform offers relatively low prices for products. | 0.902 | Own elaboration |
| PVP, Perceived value of purchases on a foreign MSP (AVE = 0.777; total reliability = 0.946) | ||
| Compared to the price I need to pay, this platform's offers are characterized by significant value for money. | 0.921 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| Compared to the price I need to pay, this platform offers reasonable prices. | 0.897 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| Compared to the effort I need to put in, this platform's offer is beneficial to me. | 0.796 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| Compared to the time I need to spend, this platform's offer is worthwhile to me. | 0.886 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| When I compare what I get for what I give, shopping from this platform offers a good value. | 0.902 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| OPI, Consumer online purchase intentions (AVE = 0.785; total reliability y = 0.948) | ||
| I am likely to purchase products in online stores. | 0.904 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| I am likely to make another purchase from this online store if I need the products I have purchased. | 0.901 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| In the future, I will continuously purchase products from online stores. | 0.846 | Asharf et al. (2014) |
| If I have to do this over again, I would choose online purchases. | 0.903 | Kim and Niehm (2009) |
| I would recommend online purchases to others. | 0.875 | Kim and Niehm (2009) |
| IPFP, Consumer intentions to purchase on a foreign MSP (AVE = 0.771; total reliability = 0.944) | ||
| I am likely to make another purchase from this platform if I need the products I have purchased. | 0.883 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| I intend to purchase product on this platform continuously in the future. | 0.874 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| I am likely to recommend this platform to other people. | 0.889 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| I would say positive things about this platform to other people. | 0.868 | Kim et al. (2007) |
| I consider myself to be very loyal to this platform. | 0.877 | Kim et al. (2007) |
[i] Source: Own elaboration.
Table 4
Fornell–Larcker discriminant validity
| CDT | IFOP | IPFP | LI | LSAE | OPI | PCS | PGI | PLQ | PPB | PPC | PPR | PPS | PUOP | PVP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDT | 0.878 | ||||||||||||||
| IFOP | 0.412 | 0.852 | |||||||||||||
| IPFP | 0.286 | 0.473 | 0.878 | ||||||||||||
| LI | 0.247 | 0.328 | 0.377 | 0.868 | |||||||||||
| LSAE | 0.317 | 0.378 | 0.443 | 0.632 | 0.803 | ||||||||||
| OPI | 0.318 | 0.527 | 0.525 | 0.376 | 0.415 | 0.886 | |||||||||
| PCS | 0.290 | 0.446 | 0.716 | 0.332 | 0.427 | 0.387 | 0.863 | ||||||||
| PGI | 0.228 | 0.335 | 0.260 | 0.532 | 0.509 | 0.263 | 0.253 | 0.909 | |||||||
| PLQ | 0.325 | 0.473 | 0.774 | 0.409 | 0.453 | 0.548 | 0.707 | 0.312 | 0.868 | ||||||
| PPB | 0.291 | 0.451 | 0.704 | 0.312 | 0.393 | 0.334 | 0.713 | 0.280 | 0.637 | 0.839 | |||||
| PPC | 0.236 | 0.403 | 0.700 | 0.373 | 0.413 | 0.496 | 0.653 | 0.239 | 0.646 | 0.547 | 0.823 | ||||
| PPR | 0.293 | 0.420 | 0.772 | 0.386 | 0.474 | 0.498 | 0.710 | 0.285 | 0.845 | 0.655 | 0.589 | 0.882 | |||
| PPS | 0.340 | 0.491 | 0.683 | 0.339 | 0.415 | 0.468 | 0.711 | 0.234 | 0.655 | 0.632 | 0.622 | 0.624 | 0.923 | ||
| PUOP | 0.305 | 0.473 | 0.439 | 0.333 | 0.363 | 0.725 | 0.352 | 0.243 | 0.503 | 0.313 | 0.456 | 0.457 | 0.399 | 0.866 | |
| PVP | 0.282 | 0.447 | 0.746 | .380 | 0.421 | 0.522 | 0.678 | 0.259 | 0.723 | 0.626 | 0.772 | 0.665 | 0.642 | 0.440 | 0.881 |
[i] Source: Own elaboration with the use of SmartPLS software.
Figure 2
Structural model.
Source: Own elaboration with the use of SmartPLS software.
Table 5
Path coefficients and significance of relations between constructs (direct effects)
| H | Regression paths | Direct effects | Total effects | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Path coefficients | T-statistics | p values | Path coefficients | T-statistics | p values | ||
| H1a | CDT ⇒ OPI | 0.020 | 0.680 | 0.496 | 0.020 | 0.680 | 0.496 |
| H1b | CDT ⇒ IPFP | 0.006 | 0.212 | 0.832 | 0.008 | 0.290 | 0.772 |
| H2a | PUOP ⇒ OPI | 0.574 | 16.602 | 0.000*** | 0.574 | 16.602 | 0*** |
| H2b | PUOP ⇒ IPFP | 0.010 | 0.303 | 0.762 | 0.071 | 1.867 | 0.062* |
| H3a | IFOP ⇒ OPI | 0.199 | 6.170 | 0.000*** | 0.199 | 6.170 | 0*** |
| H3b | IFOP ⇒ IPFP | 0.108 | 3.091 | 0.002*** | 0.130 | 3.735 | 0*** |
| H4a | PGI ⇒ OPI | −0.035 | 1.177 | 0.239 | −0.035 | 1.177 | 0.239 |
| H4b | LI ⇒ OPI | 0.098 | 2.673 | 0.008*** | 0.098 | 2.673 | 0.008*** |
| H4c | LSAE ⇒ OPI | 0.072 | 2.029 | 0.043* | 0.072 | 2.029 | 0.043* |
| H5a | PGI ⇒ IPFP | −0.024 | 0.755 | 0.451 | −0.028 | 0.862 | 0.389 |
| H5b | LI ⇒ IPFP | 0.102 | 2.518 | 0.012** | 0.112 | 2.742 | 0.006*** |
| H5c | LSAE ⇒ IPFP | 0.020 | 0.541 | 0.588 | 0.028 | 0.729 | 0.466 |
| H6 | OPI ⇒ IPFP | 0.107 | 2.519 | 0.012** | 0.107 | 2.519 | 0.012** |
| H7a | PCS ⇒ PVP | 0.246 | 4.138 | 0.000*** | 0.052 | 0.581 | 0.561 |
| H7b | PLQ ⇒ PVP | 0.033 | 0.551 | 0.582 | 0.246 | 4.138 | 0*** |
| H7c | PPB ⇒ PVP | 0.064 | 1.273 | 0.203 | 0.123 | 2.367 | 0.018** |
| H7d | PPC ⇒ PVP | 0.123 | 2.367 | 0.018** | 0.453 | 12.554 | 0*** |
| H7e | PPR ⇒ VP | 0.453 | 12.554 | 0.000*** | 0.033 | 0.551 | 0.582 |
| H7f | PPS ⇒ PVP | 0.052 | 0.581 | 0.561 | 0.064 | 1.273 | 0.203 |
| H8 | PVP ⇒ IPFP | 0.592 | 13.164 | 0.000*** | 0.592 | 13.164 | 0*** |