Figure 1
Research model and hypotheses.
Table 1
Formative indicators constituting the outward and inward internationalization indices
| Outward internationalization index | |
|---|---|
| Formative indicators | Weight |
| Outward internationalization forms and markets | 0.40 |
| Export share in sales and markets | 0.40 |
| Firm's international experience and markets | 0.20 |
| Inward internationalization index | |
|---|---|
| Formative indicators | Weight |
| Inward internationalization forms and markets | 0.40 |
| Import share in sales and markets | 0.40 |
| Firm's international experience and markets | 0.20 |
Table 2
Formative indicators constituting the outward and inward innovativeness indices
| Outward innovativeness index | |
|---|---|
| Formative indicators | Weight |
| The degree of newness of product and marketing innovations | 0.35 |
| Number of product and marketing innovations against competitors | 0.20 |
| The share of product innovation expenditure in total expenditure | 0.25 |
| R&D product innovation expenditure against competitors | 0.20 |
| Inward innovativeness index | |
|---|---|
| Formative indicators | Weight |
| The degree of newness of process and organizational innovations | 0.35 |
| Number of process and organizational innovations against competitors | 0.20 |
| The share of process innovation expenditure in total expenditure | 0.25 |
| R&D process innovation expenditure against competitors | 0.20 |
Table 3
Descriptive statistics for internationalization and innovativeness indices (N=274)
| Index | Mean | Tests | Range | Standard deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outward internationalization | 0.125 | 0.713 | 0.125 | |
| Industry | 0.162 | Statistically significant differences – test U MW | ||
| Services | 0.089 | |||
| Small | 0.111 | Statistically insignificant differences | ||
| Medium | 0.136 | |||
| Large | 0.127 | |||
| Affiliated | 0.125 | Statistically insignificant differences | ||
| Non-affiliated | 0.124 | |||
| Inward internationalization | 0.123 | 0.663 | 0.118 | |
| Industry | 0.139 | Statistically significant differences – test U MW | ||
| Services | 0.109 | |||
| Small | 0.119 | Statistically insignificant differences | ||
| medium | 0.127 | |||
| Large | 0.121 | |||
| Affiliated | 0.121 | Statistically insignificant differences | ||
| Non-affiliated | 0.128 | |||
| Outward Innovativeness | 0.319 | 0.910 | 0.154 | |
| Industry | 0.329 | Statistically insignificant differences | ||
| Services | 0.310 | |||
| Small | 0.296 | Statistically insignificant differences | ||
| Medium | 0.335 | |||
| Large | 0.309 | |||
| Affiliated | 0.315 | Statistically insignificant differences | ||
| Non-affiliated | 0.328 | |||
| Inward Innovativeness | 0.281 | 0.800 | 0.148 | |
| Industry | 0.305 | Statistically significant differences – test U MW | ||
| Services | 0.258 | |||
| Small | 0.252 | Statistically significant differences for small and large firms – Kruskal-Wallis test | ||
| Medium | 0.290 | |||
| Large | 0.309 | |||
| Affiliated | 0.269 | Statistically significant differences – test U MW | ||
| Non-affiliated | 0.306 |
Table 4
Correlations between internationalization and innovativeness indices (N=274)
| Outward innovativeness | Inward innovativeness | |
|---|---|---|
| Outward internationalization | .217** | .311** |
| Industry | .272** | .310** |
| Services | .149 | .234** |
| Small | .264** | .364** |
| Medium | .147 | .265** |
| Large | .269** | .287** |
| Affiliated | .208** | .339** |
| Non-affiliated | .222** | .305** |
| Domestic capital only | .240** | .343** |
| With foreign capital | .179 | .297** |
| Inward internationalization | .106 | .182** |
| Industry | .078 | .169 |
| Services | .121 | .161 |
| Small | .143 | .152 |
| Medium | .006 | .227** |
| Large | .097 | .140 |
| Affiliated | .170 | .266** |
| Non-affiliated | .071 | .141 |
| Domestic capital only | .083 | .175** |
| With foreign capital | .158 | .238** |