Figure 1
Per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of Japan and South Korea. Source: Lee and Chung [2013].
Figure 2
Science and technology competitiveness – Japan and South Korea. Source: Lee and Chung [2013].
Figure 3
Global technological ranking – Japan and South Korea. Source: Lee and Chung [2013].
Figure 4
Proportion of foreign workers by country (1990–1999). Source: Trends in International Migration 2001 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)).
Figure 5
Central Tokyo and Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Greater Tokyo). Source (Base map): Encyclopedia Britannica inc. Modified by the authors.
Figure 6
Seoul and Seoul Metropolitan Region (SMR). Source: Wan and An [2017].
Figure 7
Tokyo’s long period of economic stagnation. Source: IMF quoted in The Economist [2012].
Figure 8
Population changes in Tokyo Metropolitan Area 1980–2010. Source (Data): Ministry of Internal Affairs & Communications, Bureau of Statistics & Population Census of Japan. Graph created by the authors.
Figure 9
Population changes in Tokyo Central Area 1980–2010. Source (Data): Ministry of Internal Affairs & Communications, Bureau of Statistics & Population Census of Japan. Graph created by the authors.
Figure 10
Net-migrations in Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Source: Nomura Real Estate Urban Net based on the data provided by Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Statistics Bureau. Modified by the authors.
Figure 11
Population growth in Seoul Metropolitan Region (SMR). Source: Cox [2011]. Graph created by authors.
Figure 12
Population growth in Seoul city. Source: Cox [2011]. Graph created by the authors.
Figure 13
Map of Tokyo CBD and waterfront projects. Source: Wikipedia Map. Modified by the authors.
Figure 14
Map of Songdo project. Source (Base map): Prang. Modified by the authors.
Table 1
Changing of key actors in Songdo development
| 1986–1988 | 1989–2001 | 2002 | 2003–2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Key actors | City government | City government, nation-state | Nation-state, city government, international developer, domestic developer | Nation-state, city government, international developer, domestic developer, civic organizations |
| Scales | Local | Local, national | National, local, global | National, local, global |