Figure 1
Figure A1
Regression weights and p-values for estimated path models
| Hypotheses | Regression paths | Standardized Sample Regression Weights | Bootstrapping* p-values |
|---|---|---|---|
| H.1 | RUP -> RI | 0,086 | 0.224 |
| H.2 | RUP -> RVI** | 0,187 | 0.010 |
| H.3 | NVS -> RI | 0,036 | 0.561 |
| H.4 | NVS -> RVI** | −0,526 | 0.004 |
| H.5 | SB -> RI** | 0,231 | 0.000 |
| H.6 | SB -> RVI | 0,019 | 0.734 |
| Regression terms for significant controlled variables | |||
| Main Effect: Incomes -> RI** | 0,145 | 0,010 | |
| Moderating Effect: Incomes - RUA -> RI** | −0,168 | 0,004 | |
Indicators of construct variables in the study
| Indicators | Sources of scale indicators | Factor loadings | Composite reliability | Average variance extracted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk and uncertainty perceptions (RUPs) | 0.833 | 0.625 | ||
| RUP 1. Visiting new places is stressful | Boksberger and Craig-Smith [2006]; Fuchs and Reichel [2008] | 0.740 | ||
| RUP 2. Traveling to the same places is less risky | 0.748 | |||
| RUP 3. I like to spend my holidays in a familiar place | 0.877 | |||
| Novelty and variety seeking (NVS) | 0.858 | 0.669 | ||
| NVS 1. Traveling to the same places is boring | Lee and Crompton [1992]; Kim and Kim [2015] | 0.811 | ||
| NVS 2. There are so many places which I want to see that I do not | 0.853 | |||
| have time to visit the same destinations again | ||||
| NVS 3. I would prefer to spend my money for visiting new places than the already known | 0.787 | |||
| Social bonding (SB) | 0.812 | 0.598 | ||
| SB 1. I return to the previously visited place for people who are living there (family, friends, acquaintances) | Jang et al. [2009]; Luo and Hsieh [2013]; Kyle et al. [2005] | 0.653 | ||
| SB 2. I return to a destination I have already visited to show it to other people | 0.958 | |||
| SB.3 If I were to visit the same destinations, it is because I am curious how the place and people have changed | 0.653 | |||
| Recommendation intention (RI) | 0.864 | 0.684 | ||
| RI 1. If I liked the destination, I encourage other people to visit it | Alexandrov et al. [2013]; Chi and Qu [2008] | 0.895 | ||
| RI 2. I am willing to share positive opinions about the destinations I visit | 0.902 | |||
| RI 3. I am willing to share negative opinions about the destinations I visit | 0.661 | |||
| Revisit intention (RVI) | 0.771 | 0.619 | ||
| RVI 1. I never return to destinations I have visited before | Luo and Hsieh [2013]; Kozak [2001]; Bello and Etzel [1985]; Chi and Qu [2008] | −0.875 | ||
| RVI 2. I mostly travel to the same destinations | 0.802 | |||
| RVI 3. I return to visited destinations, but usually after a long time (a few years) | 0.670 |
Mean, maximum, minimum, and median values for the answers concerning risk and uncertainty perception, novelty and variety seeking, and social bonding
| Items | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard deviation | Median |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| If I were to visit the same destinations, it is because I am curious how the place and people have changed | 1 | 5 | 2.84 | 0.991 | 3.0 |
| I return to a destination I have already visited to show it to other people | 1 | 5 | 3.30 | 1.077 | 4.0 |
| I return to the previously visited place for people who are living there (family, friends, acquaintances) | 1 | 5 | 3.32 | 1.181 | 4.0 |
| I like to spend my holidays in a familiar place | 1 | 5 | 3.23 | 0.987 | 3.0 |
| Traveling to the same places is less risky | 1 | 5 | 3.09 | 1.092 | 3.0 |
| Visiting new places is stressful | 1 | 5 | 2.06 | 1.051 | 2.0 |
| Traveling to destinations already visited is a waste of money | 1 | 5 | 1.99 | 0.970 | 2.0 |
| There are so many places to see that I do not have time to visit the same destinations again | 1 | 5 | 3.08 | 1.216 | 3.0 |
| Traveling to the same places is boring | 1 | 5 | 2.69 | 1.140 | 3.0 |
Mean, maximum, minimum, and median values for answers concerning recommendation intention and revisit intention
| Items | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard deviation | Median |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I return to visited destinations, but usually after a long time (a few years) | 1 | 5 | 3.16 | 0.923 | 3.0 |
| I mostly travel to the same destinations | 1 | 5 | 2.18 | 0.797 | 2.0 |
| I never return to destinations I have visited before | 1 | 5 | 2.32 | 1.005 | 2.0 |
| I am willing to share negative opinions about the destinations I visit | 1 | 5 | 4.03 | 0.976 | 4.0 |
| I am willing to share positive opinions about the destinations I visit | 1 | 5 | 4.57 | 0.762 | 5.0 |
| If I liked the destination, I encourage other people to visit it | 1 | 5 | 4.54 | 0.786 | 5.0 |
Descriptive Summary of the Sample (n = 305)
| Demographic | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | 187 | 61,3% |
| Male | 118 | 38,7% |
| Size of the place of living | ||
| village | 18 | 5,9 |
| town up to 50 K | 15 | 4,9 |
| town 51–150 K | 15 | 4,9 |
| City 151 – 500 K | 20 | 6,6 |
| City more than 500 K | 237 | 77,7 |
| Work or Study | ||
| student | 208 | 68,2 |
| working student | 97 | 31,8 |
| Income | ||
| very low (difficult to cover maintenance costs) | 4 | 1,3 |
| low | 32 | 10,5 |
| moderate | 156 | 51,1 |
| high | 93 | 30,5 |
| very high | 20 | 6,6 |
Discriminant validity of latent variables according to Fornell–Locker criteria: Square roots of average variances extracted and correlations between all pairwise combinations of latent variables
| Social bonding (SB) | Novelty and variety seeking (NVS) | Revisit intention (RVI) | Recommendation intention (RI) | Risk and uncertainty perception (RUP) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SB | 0.773 | ||||
| NVS | −0.070 | 0.818 | |||
| RVI | 0.085 | −0.573 | 0.787 | ||
| RI | 0.230 | 0.019 | 0.052 | 0.827 | |
| RUP | 0.152 | −0.264 | 0.329 | 0.077 | 0.791 |