Table 1
Clusters identified in the EU25 countries in six institutional areas, 2014
| Institutional area | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product market competition | DE, ES, SE, UK, AT, BE, DK, FI, FR, NL, EE, HU, LV, LT, RO | IT, GR, SI | IE, SK, PL, HR | PT, CZ, BG |
| Labor market and industrial relations | DE, BE, IT, SE, DK, ES, FR, NL, AT, FI | UK, IE | GR, PT, HR, CZ, PL, SI | BG, EE, HU, LV, LT, RO, SK |
| Financial intermediation | DE, AT, BE, FI, FR, GR, IE, IT, PT, BG, HR, CZ, EE, HU, LV, LT, PL, RO, SK, SI | UK, ES, SE, DK, NL | ||
| Social protection | DE, IT, UK, BE, IE, GR, ES, FR, NL, AT, PT, FI, HR, SI | SE, DK | BG, CZ, EE, HU, LV, LT, PL, RO, SK | |
| Knowledge sector | DE, SE, AT, DK, FI, NL | UK, BE, FR, IE | IT, SI | BG, CZ, EE, HR, LV, LT, HU, PL, RO, SK, GR, ES, PT |
| Housing market | DE, AT, FR | UK, SE, BE, DK, IE, NL, FI | ES, GR, PT, EE | BG, HR, CZ, HU, IT, LV, LT, PL, RO, SK, SI |
[i] Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Table 2
Status of the Amablean models of capitalism in the light of subspace clustering results
| Institutional area | Anglo-Saxon cluster (with UK) | Nordic cluster (with Sweden) | Mediterranean cluster (with Italy) | Continental European cluster (not internally coherent) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product market competition | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Labor market and industrial relations | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Financial intermediation | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Social protection | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Knowledge sector | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Housing market | Not applicable |
[i] Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Table 3
Stylized picture of CEE11 capitalism, 2014
| Institutional area | Distinct cluster for CEE11 countries | Number of outliers | Number of EU14 countries in the CEE11 cluster |
|---|---|---|---|
| Product market competition | No | N/A | N/A |
| Labor market and industrial relations | Yes | 4 (HR, CZ, PL, SI) | 2 (GR, PT) |
| Financial intermediation | No | N/A | N/A |
| Social protection | Yes | 2 (HR, SI) | 0 |
| Knowledge sector | Yes | 1 (SI) | 3 (GR, PT, ES) |
| Housing market | Yes | 1 (EE) | 1 (IT) |
[i] Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Table 4
Closest models of Western European capitalism for CEE11 countries
| Institutional area | Bulgaria | Croatia | Czechia | Estonia | Hungary | Latvia | Lithuania | Poland | Romania | Slovakia | Slovenia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product market competition | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | IT |
| Labor market and industrial relations | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE |
| Financial intermediation | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE | DE |
| Social protection | DE | DE | DE | SE | SE | SE | DE | DE | SE | DE | DE |
| Knowledge sector | UK | IT | IT | IT | DE | IT | IT | IT | IT | IT | IT |
| Housing market | IT | IT | IT | IT | UK | IT | IT | IT | IT | IT | IT |
[i] DE, Continental European cluster (with Germany) identified with the ORCLUS algorithm; IT, Mediterranean cluster (with Italy or Spain but not Germany) identified with the ORCLUS algorithm; UK, Anglo-Saxon cluster (with UK but not Germany) identified with the ORCLUS algorithm; SE, Nordic cluster (with Sweden but not Germany and UK) identified with the ORCLUS algorithm; cluster acronyms for countries that are actually classified into that cluster are given in bold.
Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Table 5
Convergence to Western European models of CEE11 countries across six institutional areas, 2005–2014
| Clusters as identified with the ORCLUS algorithm | Continental cluster (with Germany) | Mediterranean cluster (with Italy or Spain but not Germany) | Anglo-Saxon cluster (with UK but not Germany) | Nordic cluster (with Sweden but not Germany and UK) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institutional area | ||||
| Product market competition | Convergence: 10 | Convergence: 7 | ||
| Divergence: 1 | Divergence: 4 | |||
| Labor market and industrial | Convergence: 6 | Convergence: 5 | ||
| relations | Divergence: 5 | Divergence: 6 | ||
| Financial intermediation | Convergence: 9 | Convergence: 7 | ||
| Divergence: 2 | Divergence: 4 | |||
| Social protection | Convergence: 5 | Convergence: 5 | ||
| Divergence: 6 | Divergence: 6 | |||
| Knowledge sector | Convergence: 5 | Convergence: 11 | Convergence: 11 | |
| Divergence: 6 | Divergence: 0 | Divergence: 0 | ||
| Housing market | Convergence: 10 | Convergence: 9 | Convergence: 11 | |
| Divergence: 1 | Divergence: 2 | Divergence: 0 |
[i] Source: Authors’ elaboration.