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Staff churn and lifetime prediction using machine learning Cover

Staff churn and lifetime prediction using machine learning

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Complexity matrix obtained with LR.
Complexity matrix obtained with LR.

Fig. 2

Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.
Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.

Fig. 3

Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.
Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.

Fig. 4

Complexity matrix obtained with LR.
Complexity matrix obtained with LR.

Fig. 5

Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.
Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.

Fig. 6

Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.
Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.

Fig. 7

Complexity matrix obtained with LR.
Complexity matrix obtained with LR.

Fig. 8

Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.
Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.

Fig. 9

Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.
Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.

Fig. 10

Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.

Fig. 11

Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.

Fig. 12

Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.
Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.

Fig. 13

Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.

Fig. 14

Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.

Fig. 15

Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.
Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.

Fig. 16

Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.

Fig. 17

Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.

Fig. 18

Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.
Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.

Fig. 19

Complexity matrix obtained with LR.
Complexity matrix obtained with LR.

Fig. 20

Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.
Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.

Fig. 21

Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.
Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.

Fig. 22

Complexity matrix obtained with LR.
Complexity matrix obtained with LR.

Fig. 23

Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.
Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.

Fig. 24

Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.
Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.

Fig. 25

Complexity matrix obtained with LR.
Complexity matrix obtained with LR.

Fig. 26

Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.
Complexity matrix obtained with Catboost.

Fig. 27

Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.
Complexity matrix obtained with ELM.

Fig. 28

Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.

Fig. 29

Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.

Fig. 30

Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.
Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.

Fig. 31

Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.

Fig. 32

Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.

Fig. 33

Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.
Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.

Fig. 34

Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by SVM.

Fig. 35

Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.
Predicted values and actual values generated by LightGBM.

Fig. 36

Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.
Predicted values and actual values generated by KNN.

Parameter values of staff lifetime prediction models_

MethodsParametersValues

SVMC105
SVMKernelRBF
SVMGammaScaled
LightGBMN_estimators100
LightGBMNum_leaves50
LightGBMMax_depthNone
LightGBMLearning_rate0.1
KNNN_neighbours5

Attributes in the first dataset_

AttributeDescription

IDStaff ID
GenderGender of the staff
Marital statusMarital status of the staff
Birth DateBirth date of the staff
Education levelEducation level of the staff
Graduated SchoolSchool the staff graduated from
Graduated DepartmentDepartment the staff graduated from
DepartmentDepartment of staff in the company
DutyDuty of the staff in the company
Total Working YearsTotal years of experience of the staff
Work Experience 1 - Working TimeYears of work experience in the first company
Work Experience 2 - Working TimeYears of work experience in the second company
Work Experience 3 - Working TimeYears of work experience in the third company
Universal Entry DateEntry date of the staff to Universal
Current SalaryCurrent salary of the staff
Weekly Working HoursHours per week the staff works
Job SatisfactionStaff satisfaction score with his job
Internal Relationship SatisfactionInternal relationship satisfaction score of the staff
Business Travel FrequencyThe number of business trips of the staff
Address - DistrictDistrict where the staff lives

Parameter values of staff churn prediction models_

AlgorithmsParametersValues

LRPenalty12
LRC105
CatBoostN_estimators100
CatBoostMax_depth6
CatBoostIterations1000
CatBoostLearning_rate0.1
ELMAlpha10−3
ELMN neurons64.32
ELMActivation functiontanh

Attributes in the second dataset_

AttributeDescription

Staff TypeType of the staff
Staff SubtypeSubtype of the staff
GenderGender of the staff
Marital StatusMarital status of the staff
AgreementAgreement between company and staff
Education levelEducation level of the staff
Department 1The department to which the staff is affiliated
Department 2The department where the staff works
Insured UnitInsurance policy of the staff
DutyThe duty assigned to the staff
Address - ProvinceProvince where the staff lives
Address - DistrictDistrict where the staff lives
AgeAge of the staff

Parameter values of staff lifetime prediction model developed using SVM, LightGBM and KNN_

MethodsParametersValues

SVMC1010
SVMKernelRBF
SVMGammaScaled
LightGBMN_estimators50
LightGBMNum_leaves30
LightGBMMax_depthNone
LightGBMLearning_rate0.1
KNNN_neighbours5

Parameter values staff churn prediction model developed using LR, CatBoost and ELM_

AlgorithmParametersValues

LRPenalty12
LRC105
CatBoostN_estimators100
CatBoostMax_depth6
CatBoostIterations500
CatBoostLearning_rate0.03
ELMAlpha10−5
ELMN neurons64
ELMActivation Functiontanh

Accuracy and F1-score values of staff churn prediction models developed using LR, Catboost and ELM_

ApproachesAlgorithmsMAEMAPE (%)

First ApproachSVM1158.2519.94
First ApproachLightGBM1011.8118.37
First ApproachKNN999.9618.35
Second ApproachSVM1124.0119.68
Second ApproachLightGBM1038.5819.03
Second ApproachKNN1044.1518.89
Third ApproachSVM1087.6519.07
Third ApproachLightGBM1045.4218.85
Third ApproachKNN1068.9919.19
Language: English
Submitted on: Mar 21, 2024
Accepted on: Jul 16, 2024
Published on: Dec 14, 2025
Published by: Harran University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2025 Hasan Hüseyin Yurdagül, Hatice Özdemir, Adem Seller, Fatma Ceren Ulus, Mehmet Fatih Akay, published by Harran University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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